Subsections
Bacula Frequently Asked Questions
These are questions that have been submitted over time by the
Bacula users. The following
FAQ is very useful, but it is not always up to date
with newer information, so after reading it, if you don't find what you
want, you might try the Bacula wiki maintained by Frank Sweetser, which
contains more than just a FAQ:
http://wiki.bacula.org
or go directly to the FAQ at:
http://wiki.bacula.org/doku.php?id=faq.
Please also see
the bugs section of this document for a list
of known bugs and solutions.
[What is Bacula? ]
Bacula is a network backup and restore program.
[Does Bacula support Windows?]
Yes, Bacula compiles and runs on Windows machines (Win98, WinMe, WinXP,
WinNT, Win2003, and Win2000). We provide a binary version of the Client
(bacula-fd), but have not tested the Director nor the Storage daemon.
Note, Win95 is no longer supported because it doesn't have the
GetFileAttributesExA API call.
[What language is Bacula written in?]
It is written in C++, but it is mostly C code using only a limited set of
the C++ extensions over C. Thus Bacula is completely compiled using the
C++ compiler. There are several modules, including the Win32 interface, that
are written using the object oriented C++ features. Over time, we are slowly
adding a larger subset of C++.
[On what machines does Bacula run? ]
Bacula builds and executes on Red Hat Linux (versions RH7.1-RHEL
4.0, Fedora, SuSE, Gentoo, Debian, Mandriva, ...), FreeBSD, Solaris,
Alpha, SGI (client), NetBSD, OpenBSD, Mac OS X (client), and Win32.
Bacula has been my only backup tool for over seven years backing up 8
machines nightly (6 Linux boxes running SuSE, previously
Red Hat and Fedora, a WinXP machine, and a WinNT machine).
[Is Bacula Stable? ]
Yes, it is remarkably stable, but remember, there are still a lot of
unimplemented or partially implemented features. With a program of this
size (150,000+ lines of C++ code not including the SQL programs) there
are bound to be bugs. The current test environment (a twisted pair
local network and a HP DLT backup tape) is not exactly ideal, so
additional testing on other sites is necessary. The File daemon has
never crashed -- running months at a time with no intervention. The
Storage daemon is remarkably stable with most of the problems arising
during labeling or switching tapes. Storage daemon crashes are rare
but running multiple drives and simultaneous jobs sometimes (rarely)
problems.
The Director, given the multitude of functions it fulfills is also
relatively stable. In a production environment, it rarely if ever
crashes. Of the three daemons, the Director is the most prone to having
problems. Still, it frequently runs several months with no problems.
There are a number of reasons for this stability.
- The program is constantly checking the chain of allocated
memory buffers to ensure that no overruns have occurred.
- All memory leaks (orphaned buffers) are reported each time the
program terminates.
- Any signal (segmentation fault, ...) generates a
traceback that is emailed to the developer. This permits quick
resolution of bugs even if they only show up rarely in a production
system.
- There is a reasonably comprehensive set of regression tests
that avoids re-creating the most common errors in new versions of
Bacula.
[I'm Getting Authorization Errors. What is Going On? ]
For security reasons, Bacula requires that both the File daemon and the
Storage daemon know the name of the Director as well as its password. As a
consequence, if you change the Director's name or password, you must make
the corresponding change in the Storage daemon's and in the File daemon's
configuration files.
During the authorization process, the Storage daemon and File daemon
also require that the Director authenticates itself, so both ends
require the other to have the correct name and password.
If you have edited the conf files and modified any name or any password,
and you are getting authentication errors, then your best bet is to go
back to the original conf files generated by the Bacula installation
process. Make only the absolutely necessary modifications to these
files -- e.g. add the correct email address. Then follow the
instructions in the Running Bacula chapter of
this manual. You will run a backup to disk and a restore. Only when
that works, should you begin customization of the conf files.
Another reason that you can get authentication errors is if you are
running Multiple Concurrent Jobs in the Director, but you have not set
them in the File daemon or the Storage daemon. Once you reach their
limit, they will reject the connection producing authentication (or
connection) errors.
If you are having problems connecting to a Windows machine that
previously worked, you might try restarting the Bacula service since
Windows frequently encounters networking connection problems.
Some users report that authentication fails if there is not a proper
reverse DNS lookup entry for the machine. This seems to be a
requirement of gethostbyname(), which is what Bacula uses to translate
names into IP addresses. If you cannot add a reverse DNS entry, or you
don't know how to do so, you can avoid the problem by specifying an IP
address rather than a machine name in the appropriate Bacula conf file.
Here is a picture that indicates what names/passwords in which
files/Resources must match up:
In the left column, you will find the Director, Storage, and Client
resources, with their names and passwords -- these are all in bacula-dir.conf. The right column is where the corresponding values
should be found in the Console, Storage daemon (SD), and File daemon (FD)
configuration files.
Another thing to check is to ensure that the Bacula component you are
trying to access has Maximum Concurrent Jobs set large enough to
handle each of the Jobs and the Console that want to connect
simultaneously. Once the maximum connections has been reached, each
Bacula component will reject all new connections.
Finally, make sure you have no hosts.allow or hosts.deny
file that is not permitting access to the site trying to connect.
[Bacula Runs Fine but Cannot Access a Client on a Different Machine.
Why? ]
There are several reasons why Bacula could not contact a client on a
different machine. They are:
- It is a Windows Client, and the client died because of an improper
configuration file. Check that the Bacula icon is in the system tray and the
the menu items work. If the client has died, the icon will disappear only
when you move the mouse over the icon.
- The Client address or port is incorrect or not resolved by DNS. See if
you can ping the client machine using the same address as in the Client
record.
- You have a firewall, and it is blocking traffic on port 9102 between
the Director's machine and the Client's machine (or on port 9103 between the
Client and the Storage daemon machines).
- Your password or names are not correct in both the Director and the
Client machine. Try configuring everything identical to how you run the
client on the same machine as the Director, but just change the Address. If
that works, make the other changes one step at a time until it works.
- You may also be having problems between your File daemon and your
Storage daemon. The name you use in the Storage resource of your
Director's conf file must be known (resolvable) by the File daemon,
because it is passed symbolically to the File daemon, which then
resolves it to get an IP address used to contact the Storage daemon.
- You may have a hosts.allow or hosts.deny file that is
not permitting access.
[My Catalog is Full of Test Runs, How Can I Start Over? ]
If you are using MySQL do the following:
cd <bacula-source>/src/cats
./drop_mysql_tables
./make_mysql_tables
If you are using SQLite, do the following:
Delete bacula.db from your working directory.
cd <bacula-source>/src/cats
./drop_sqlite_tables
./make_sqlite_tables
Then write an EOF on each tape you used with Bacula using:
mt -f /dev/st0 rewind
mt -f /dev/st0 weof
where you need to adjust the device name for your system.
[I Run a Restore Job and Bacula Hangs. What do I do?]
On Bacula version 1.25 and prior, it expects you to have the correct
tape mounted prior to a restore. On Bacula version 1.26 and higher, it
will ask you for the tape, and if the wrong one is mounted, it will
inform you.
If you have previously done an unmount command, all Storage daemon
sessions (jobs) will be completely blocked from using the drive
unmounted, so be sure to do a mount after your unmount. If in
doubt, do a second mount, it won't cause any harm.
[I Cannot Get My Windows Client to Start Automatically? ]
You are probably having one of two problems: either the Client is dying
due to an incorrect configuration file, or you didn't do the
Installation commands necessary to install it as a Windows Service.
For the first problem, see the next FAQ question. For the second
problem, please review the Windows Installation
instructions in this manual.
[My Windows Client Immediately Dies When I Start It]
The most common problem is either that the configuration file is not where
it expects it to be, or that there is an error in the configuration file.
You must have the configuration file in c:\bacula\bin\bacula-fd.conf.
To see what is going on when the File daemon starts on Windows, do the
following:
Start a DOS shell Window.
cd c:\bacula\bin
bacula-fd -d100 -c c:\bacula\bin\bacula-fd.conf
This will cause the FD to write a file bacula.trace in the current
directory, which you can examine and thereby determine the problem.
[When I Start the Console, the Error Messages Fly By. How can I see
them? ]
Either use a shell window with a scroll bar, or use the gnome-console.
In any case, you probably should be logging all output to a file, and
then you can simply view the file using an editor or the less
program. To log all output, I have the following in my Director's
Message resource definition:
append = "/home/kern/bacula/bin/log" = all, !skipped
Obviously you will want to change the filename to be appropriate for your
system.
[I didn't realize that the backups were not working on my Windows
Client. What should I do? ]
You should be sending yourself an email message for each job. This will avoid
the possibility of not knowing about a failed backup. To do so put something
like:
Mail = yourname@yourdomain = all, !skipped
in your Director's message resource. You should then receive one email for
each Job that ran. When you are comfortable with what is going on (it took
me 9 months), you might change that to:
MailOnError = yourname@yourdomain = all, !skipped
then you only get email messages when a Job errors as is the case for your
Windows machine.
You should also be logging the Director's messages, please see the previous
FAQ for how to do so.
[All my Jobs are scheduled for the same time. Will this cause
problems? ]
No, not at all. Bacula will schedule all the Jobs at the same time, but
will run them one after another unless you have increased the number of
simultaneous jobs in the configuration files for the Director, the File
daemon, and the Storage daemon. The appropriate configuration record is
Maximum Concurrent Jobs = nn. At the current time, we recommend
that you leave this set to 1 for the Director.
[Can Bacula Backup My System To Files instead of Tape? ]
Yes, in principle, Bacula can backup to any storage medium as long as
you have correctly defined that medium in the Storage daemon's Device
resource. For an example of how to backup to files, please see the
Pruning Example in the Recycling chapter of this
manual. Also, there is a whole chapter devoted to Basic Volume
Management. This chapter was originally written to
explain how to write to disk, but was expanded to include volume
management. It is, however, still quite a good chapter to read.
Yes, to have a Virtual device which just consumes data, you can use a
FIFO device (see Stored configuration).
It's useful to test a backup.
Device {
Name = NULL
Media Type = NULL
Device Type = Fifo
Archive Device = /dev/null
LabelMedia = yes
Random Access = no
AutomaticMount = no
RemovableMedia = no
MaximumOpenWait = 60
AlwaysOpen = no
}
[Can Bacula Backup and Restore Files Bigger than 2 Gigabytes?]
If your operating system permits it, and you are running Bacula version
1.26 or later, the answer is yes. To the best of our knowledge all client
system supported by Bacula can handle files bigger 2 Gigabytes.
[I Started A Job then Decided I Really Did Not Want to Run It. Is
there a better way than ./bacula stop to stop it?]
Yes, you normally should use the Console command cancel to cancel
a Job that is either scheduled or running. If the Job is scheduled, it
will be marked for cancellation and will be canceled when it is
scheduled to start. If it is running, it will normally terminate after
a few minutes. If the Job is waiting on a tape mount, you may need to
do a mount command before it will be canceled.
[Why have You Trademarked the Name
Bacula?]
We have trademarked the name Bacula to ensure that all media written by any
program named Bacula will always be compatible. Anyone may use the name
Bacula, even in a derivative product as long as it remains totally compatible
in all respects with the program defined here.
[Why is the Online Document for Version 1.39 of Bacula when the
Current Version is 1.38?]
As Bacula is being developed, the document is also being enhanced, more
often than not it has clarifications of existing features that can be very
useful to our users, so we publish the very latest document. Fortunately
it is rare that there are confusions with new features.
If you want to read a document that pertains only to a specific version,
please use the one distributed in the source code. The web site also has
online versions of both the released manual and the current development
manual.
[How Can I Be Sure that Bacula Really Saves and Restores All Files? ]
It is really quite simple, but took me a while to figure
out how to "prove" it. First make a Bacula Rescue disk, see the
Disaster Recovery Using Bacula chapter
of this manual.
Second, you run a full backup of all your files on all partitions.
Third, you run an Verify InitCatalog Job on the same FileSet, which
effectively makes a record of all the files on your system. Fourth, you
run a Verify Catalog job and assure yourself that nothing has changed
(well, between an InitCatalog and Catalog one doesn't expect anything).
Then do the unthinkable, write zeros on your MBR (master boot record)
wiping out your hard disk. Now, restore your whole system using your
Bacula Rescue disk and the Full backup you made, and finally re-run the
Verify Catalog job. You will see that with the exception of the
directory modification and access dates and the files changed during the
boot, your system is identical to what it was before you wiped your hard
disk.
Alternatively you could do the wiping and restoring to another computer
of the same type.
[I did a Full backup last week, but now in running an Incremental,
Bacula says it did not find a FULL backup, so it did a FULL backup. Why?]
Before doing an Incremental or a Differential
backup, Bacula checks to see if there was a prior Full backup of the
same Job that terminated successfully. If so, it uses the date that
full backup started as the time for comparing if files have changed. If
Bacula does not find a successful full backup, it proceeds to do one.
Perhaps you canceled the full backup, or it terminated in error. In
such cases, the full backup will not be successful. You can check by
entering list jobs and look to see if there is a prior Job with
the same Name that has Level F and JobStatus T (normal termination).
Another reason why Bacula may not find a suitable Full backup is that
every time you change the FileSet, Bacula will require a new Full
backup. This is necessary to ensure that all files are properly backed
up in the case where you have added more files to the FileSet.
Beginning with version 1.31, the FileSets are also dated when they are
created, and this date is displayed with the name when you are listing
or selecting a FileSet. For more on backup levels see below.
See also Ignore FileSet Changes in the
FileSet Resource definition in the Director
chapter of this document.
[How Can You Claim to Handle Unlimited Path and Filename Lengths
when All Other Programs Have Fixed Limits?]
Most of those other programs have been around for a long time, in fact
since the beginning of Unix, which means that they were designed for
rather small fixed length path and filename lengths. Over the years,
these restrictions have been relaxed allowing longer names. Bacula on
the other hand was designed in 2000, and so from the start, Path and
Filenames have been kept in buffers that start at 256 bytes in length,
but can grow as needed to handle any length. Most of the work is
carried out by lower level routines making the coding rather easy.
Note that due to limitations Win32 path and filenames cannot exceed
260 characters. By using Win32 Unicode functions, we will remove this
restriction in later versions of Bacula.
[What Is the Really Unique Feature of Bacula?]
Well, it is hard to come up with unique features when backup programs
for Unix machines have been around since the 1960s. That said, I
believe that Bacula is the first and only program to use a standard SQL
interface to catalog its database. Although this adds a bit of
complexity and possibly overhead, it provides an amazingly rich set of
features that are easy to program and enhance. The current code has
barely scratched the surface in this regard (version 1.38).
The second feature, which gives a lot of power and flexibility to Bacula
is the Bootstrap record definition.
The third unique feature, which is currently (1.30) unimplemented, and
thus can be called vaporware :-), is Base level saves. When
implemented, this will enormously reduce tape usage.
[If I Run Multiple Simultaneous Jobs, How Can I Force One
Particular Job to Run After Another Job? ]
Yes, you can set Priorities on your jobs so that they run in the order you
specify. Please see:
the Priority record in the Job resource.
[I Am Not Getting Email Notification, What Can I Do? ]
The most common problem is that you have not specified a fully qualified
email address and your bsmtp server is rejecting the mail. The next
most common problem is that your bsmtp server doesn't like the syntax on
the From part of the message. For more details on this and other
problems, please see the Getting Email Notification to
Work section of the Tips chapter of this manual. The section
Getting Notified of Job Completion of the Tips
chapter may also be useful. For more information on the bsmtp
mail program, please see bsmtp in the Volume Utility Tools
chapter of this manual.
[I Change Recycling, Retention Periods, or File Sizes in my Pool
Resource and they Still Don't Work.]
The different variables associated with a Pool are defined in the Pool
Resource, but are actually read by Bacula from the Catalog database. On
Bacula versions prior to 1.30, after changing your Pool Resource, you must
manually update the corresponding values in the Catalog by using the update pool command in the Console program. In Bacula version 1.30, Bacula
does this for you automatically every time it starts.
When Bacula creates a Media record (Volume), it uses many default values from
the Pool record. If you subsequently change the Pool record, the new values
will be used as a default for the next Volume that is created, but if you
want the new values to apply to existing Volumes, you must manually update
the Volume Catalog entry using the update volume command in the Console
program.
[I Have Configured Compression On, But None of My Files Are
Compressed. Why?]
There are two kinds of compression. One is tape compression. This is done by
the tape drive hardware, and you either enable or disable it with system
tools such as mt. This compression works independently of Bacula,
and when it is enabled, you should not use the Bacula software
compression.
Bacula also has software compression code in the File daemons, which you
normally need to enable only when backing up to file Volumes. There are
two conditions necessary to enable the Bacula software compression.
- You must have the zip development libraries loaded on your system
when building Bacula and Bacula must find this library, normally /usr/lib/libz.a. On Red Hat systems, this library is provided by the
zlib-devel rpm.
If the library is found by Bacula during the ./configure it will
be mentioned in the config.out line by:
ZLIB support: yes
- You must add the compression=gzip option on your Include
statement in the Director's configuration file.
[Bacula is Asking for a New Tape After 2 GB of Data but My Tape
holds 33 GB. Why?]
There are several reasons why Bacula will request a new tape.
- There is an I/O error on the tape. Bacula prints an error message and
requests a new tape. Bacula does not attempt to continue writing after an
I/O error.
- Bacula encounters and end of medium on the tape. This is not always
distinguishable from an I/O error.
- You have specifically set some size limitation on the tape. For example
the Maximum Volume Bytes or Maximum Volume Files in the
Director's Pool resource, or Maximum Volume Size in the Storage
daemon's Device resource.
[Bacula is Not Doing the Right Thing When I Request an Incremental
Backup. Why?]
As explained in one of the previous questions, Bacula will automatically
upgrade an Incremental or Differential job to a Full backup if it cannot
find a prior Full backup or a suitable Full backup. For the gory
details on how/when Bacula decides to upgrade levels please see the
Level record in the Director's configuration chapter of
this manual.
If after reading the above mentioned section, you believe that Bacula is not
correctly handling the level (Differential/Incremental), please send us the
following information for analysis:
- Your Director's configuration file.
- The output from list jobs covering the period where you are
having the problem.
- The Job report output from the prior Full save (not critical).
- An llist jobid=nnn where nnn is the JobId of the prior Full save.
- The Job report output from the save that is doing the wrong thing (not
critical).
- An llist jobid=nnn where nnn is the JobId of the job that was not
correct.
- An explanation of what job went wrong and why you think it did.
The above information can allow us to analyze what happened, without it,
there is not much we can do.
[I am Backing Up an Offsite Machine with an Unreliable Connection.
The Director Waits Forever for the Client to Contact the SD. What Can I
Do?]
Bacula was written on the assumption that it will have a good TCP/IP
connection between all the daemons. As a consequence, the current
Bacula doesn't deal with faulty connections very well. This situation
is slowly being corrected over time.
There are several things you can do to improve the situation.
[When I ssh into a machine and start Bacula then attempt to exit,
ssh hangs forever.]
This happens because Bacula leaves stdin, stdout, and stderr open for
debug purposes. To avoid it, the simplest thing to do is to redirect
the output of those files to /dev/null or another file in your
startup script (the Red Hat autostart scripts do this automatically).
For example, you start the Director with:
bacula-dir -c bacula-dir.conf ... >/dev/null 0>&1 2>\&1
and likewise for the other daemons.
[I'm confused by the different Retention periods: File Retention,
Job Retention, Volume Retention. Why are there so many?]
Yes, this certainly can be confusing. The basic reason for so many is
to allow flexibility. The File records take quite a lot of space in the
catalog, so they are typically records you want to remove rather
quickly. The Job records, take very little space, and they can be
useful even without the File records to see what Jobs actually ran and
when. One must understand that if the File records are removed from the
catalog, you cannot use the restore command to restore an
individual file since Bacula no longer knows where it is. However, as
long as the Volume Retention period has not expired, the data will still
be on the tape, and can be recovered from the tape.
For example, I keep a 30 day retention period for my Files to keep my
catalog from getting too big, but I keep my tapes for a minimum of one
year, just in case.
[Why Does Bacula Ignore the MaxVolumeSize Set in my Pool?]
The MaxVolumeSize that Bacula uses comes from the Media record, so most
likely you changed your Pool, which is used as the default for creating
Media records, after you created your Volume. Check what is in
the Media record by doing:
llist Volume=xxx
If it doesn't have the right value, you can use:
update Volume=xxx
to change it.
[In connecting to my Client, I get "ERR:Connection Refused. Packet
Size too big from File daemon:192.168.1.4:9102" Why?]
This is typically a communications error resulting from one of the
following:
- Old versions of Bacula, usually a Win32 client, where two threads were
using the same I/O packet. Fixed in more recent versions. Please upgrade.
- Some other program such as an HP Printer using the same port (9102 in
this case).
If it is neither of the above, please submit a bug report at
bugs.bacula.org.
Another solution might be to run the daemon with the debug option by:
Start a DOS shell Window.
cd c:\bacula\bin
bacula-fd -d100 -c c:\bacula\bin\bacula-fd.conf
This will cause the FD to write a file bacula.trace in the current
directory, which you can examine to determine the problem.
[During long running jobs my File daemon dies with Pipe Error, or
some other communications error. Why?]
There are a number of reasons why a connection might break.
Most often, it is a router between your two computers that times out
inactive lines (not respecting the keepalive feature that Bacula uses).
In that case, you can use the Heartbeat Interval directive in
both the Storage daemon and the File daemon.
In at least one case, the problem has been a bad driver for a Win32
NVidia NForce 3 ethernet card with driver (4.4.2 17/05/2004).
In this case, a good driver is (4.8.2.0 06/04/2005). Moral of
the story, make sure you have the latest ethernet drivers
loaded, or use the following workaround as suggested by Thomas
Simmons for Win32 machines:
Browse to:
Start > Control Panel > Network Connections
Right click the connection for the nvidia adapter and select properties.
Under the General tab, click "Configure...". Under the Advanced tab set
"Checksum Offload" to disabled and click OK to save the change.
Lack of communications, or communications that get interrupted can
also be caused by Linux firewalls where you have a rule that throttles
connections or traffic. For example, if you have:
iptables -t filter -A INPUT -m limit --limit 3/second --limit-burst 3 -j DROP
you will want to add the following rules before the above rule:
iptables -t filter -A INPUT --dport 9101 -j ACCEPT
iptables -t filter -A INPUT --dport 9102 -j ACCEPT
iptables -t filter -A INPUT --dport 9103 -j ACCEPT
This will ensure that any Bacula traffic will not get terminated because
of high usage rates.
[I can't figure out how to tell the job which volume to use]
This is an interesting statement. I now see that a number of people new to
Bacula have the same problem as you, probably from using programs like tar.
In fact, you do not tell Bacula what tapes to use. It is the inverse. Bacula
tells you want tapes it wants. You put tapes at its disposition and it
chooses.
Now, if you *really* want to be tricky and try to tell Bacula what to do, it
will be reasonable if for example you mount a valid tape that it can use on a
drive, it will most likely go ahead and use it. It also has a documented
algorithm for choosing tapes -- but you are asking for problems ...
So, the trick is to invert your concept of things and put Bacula in charge of
handling the tapes. Once you do that, you will be fine. If you want to
anticipate what it is going to do, you can generally figure it out correctly
and get what you want.
If you start with the idea that you are going to force or tell Bacula to use
particular tapes or you insist on trying to run in that kind of mode, you will
probably not be too happy.
I don't want to worry about what tape has what data. That is what Bacula is
designed for.
If you have an application where you *really* need to remove a tape each day
and insert a new one, it can be done the directives exist to accomplish that.
In such a case, one little "trick" to knowing what tape Bacula will want at
2am while you are asleep is to run a tiny job at 4pm while you are still at
work that backs up say one directory, or even one file. You will quickly find
out what tape it wants, and you can mount it before you go home ...
[How do I generate a password?]
Each daemon needs a password. This password occurs in the configuration
file for that daemon and in the bacula-dir.conf file. These passwords are
plain text. There is no special generation procedure. Most people just
use random text.
Passwords are never sent over the wire in plain text. They are always
encrypted.
Security surrounding these passwords is best left security to your
operating system. Passwords are not encrypted within Bacula
configuration files.
Kern Sibbald
2008-07-27
