DNS HOWTO : Introduction.
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2. Introduction.

What this is and isn't.

DNS is is the Domain Name System. DNS converts machine names to the IP addresses that all machines on the net have. It maps from name to address and from address to name, and some other things. This HOWTO documents how to define such mappings using a FreeBSD system. A mapping is simply a association between two things, in this case a machine name, like ftp.freebsd.org, and the machines IP number (or address) 209.155.82.18.

DNS is, to the uninitiated (you ;-), one of the more opaque areas of network administration. This HOWTO will try to make a few things clearer. It describes how to set up a simple DNS name server. Starting with a caching only server and going on to setting up a primary DNS server for a domain. For more complex setups you can check the QnA section of this document. If it's not described there you will need to read the Real Documentation. I'll get back to what this Real Documentation consists of in the last chapter.

Before you start on this you should configure your machine so that you can telnet in and out of it, and successfully make all kinds of connections to the net, and you should especially be able to do telnet 127.0.0.1 and get your own machine (test it now!). You also need a good /etc/nsswitch.conf (or /etc/host.conf), /etc/resolv.conf and /etc/hosts files as a starting point, since I will not explain their function here. If you don't already have all this set up and working the NET-3-HOWTO and/or the PPP-HOWTO explains how to set it up. Read them.

When I say `your machine' I mean the machine you are trying to set up DNS on. Not any other machine you might have that's involved in your networking effort.

I assume you're not behind any kind of firewall that blocks name queries. If you are you will need a special configuration, see the section on QnA.

Name serving on Unix is done by a program called named. This is a part of the ``bind'' package which is coordinated by Paul Vixie for The Internet Software Consortium. Named is included in all FreeBSD distributions and is installed as /usr/sbin/named. You can get the latest and greatest source from ftp.freebsd.org:/pub/FreeBSD/FreeBSD-stable/src/contrib/bind/ or the offical distribution source which the FreeBSD version is based on from ftp.isc.org:/isc/bind/src/cur/bind-8/. This HOWTO is about bind version 8. The old version of the HOWTO, about bind 4 is still available at http://www.math.uio.no/~janl/DNS/ in case you use bind 4. If the named man page talks about (at the very end, the FILES section) named.conf you have bind 8, if it talks about named.boot you have bind 4. If you have 4 and are security conscious you really ought to upgrade to a recent 8.

DNS is a net-wide database. Take care about what you put into it. If you put junk into it, you, and others will get junk out of it. Keep your DNS tidy and consistent and you will get good service from it. Learn to use it, admin it, debug it and you will be another good admin keeping the net from falling to it's knees by mismanagement.

In this document I state flatly a couple of things that are not completely true (they are at least half truths though). All in the interest of simplification. Things will (probably ;-) work if you believe what I say.

Tip: Make backup copies of all the files I instruct you to change if you already have them, so if after going through this nothing works you can get it back to your old, working state.


DNS HOWTO : Introduction.
Previous: Dedication
Next: A caching only name server.