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See:
Description
Interface Summary | |
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FirstOrderDifferentialEquations | This interface represents a first order differential equations set. |
FirstOrderIntegrator | This interface represents a first order integrator for differential equations. |
FixedStepHandler | This interface represents a handler that should be called after each successful fixed step. |
SecondOrderDifferentialEquations | This interface represents a second order differential equations set. |
SecondOrderIntegrator | This interface represents a second order integrator for differential equations. |
StepHandler | This interface represents a handler that should be called after each successful step. |
StepInterpolator | This interface represents an interpolator over the last step during an ODE integration. |
SwitchingFunction | This interface represents a switching function. |
Class Summary | |
---|---|
AbstractStepInterpolator | This abstract class represents an interpolator over the last step during an ODE integration. |
AdaptiveStepsizeIntegrator | This abstract class holds the common part of all adaptive stepsize integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations. |
ClassicalRungeKuttaIntegrator | This class implements the classical fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations (it is the most often used Runge-Kutta method). |
ClassicalRungeKuttaStepInterpolator | This class implements a step interpolator for the classical fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator. |
ContinuousOutputModel | This class stores all information provided by an ODE integrator during the integration process and build a continuous model of the solution from this. |
DormandPrince54Integrator | This class implements the 5(4) Dormand-Prince integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations. |
DormandPrince54StepInterpolator | This class represents an interpolator over the last step during an ODE integration for the 5(4) Dormand-Prince integrator. |
DormandPrince853Integrator | This class implements the 8(5,3) Dormand-Prince integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations. |
DormandPrince853StepInterpolator | This class represents an interpolator over the last step during an ODE integration for the 8(5,3) Dormand-Prince integrator. |
DummyStepHandler | This class is a step handler that do nothing. |
DummyStepInterpolator | This class is a step interpolator that does nothing. |
EmbeddedRungeKuttaIntegrator | This class implements the common part of all embedded Runge-Kutta integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations. |
EulerIntegrator | This class implements a simple Euler integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations. |
EulerStepInterpolator | This class implements a linear interpolator for step. |
FirstOrderConverter | This class converts second order differential equations to first order ones. |
GillIntegrator | This class implements the Gill fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations . |
GillStepInterpolator | This class implements a step interpolator for the Gill fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator. |
GraggBulirschStoerIntegrator | This class implements a Gragg-Bulirsch-Stoer integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations. |
GraggBulirschStoerStepInterpolator | This class implements an interpolator for the Gragg-Bulirsch-Stoer integrator. |
HighamHall54Integrator | This class implements the 5(4) Higham and Hall integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations. |
HighamHall54StepInterpolator | This class represents an interpolator over the last step during an ODE integration for the 5(4) Higham and Hall integrator. |
MidpointIntegrator | This class implements a second order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations. |
MidpointStepInterpolator | This class implements a step interpolator for second order Runge-Kutta integrator. |
RungeKuttaIntegrator | This class implements the common part of all fixed step Runge-Kutta integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations. |
RungeKuttaStepInterpolator | This class represents an interpolator over the last step during an ODE integration for Runge-Kutta and embedded Runge-Kutta integrators. |
StepNormalizer | This class wraps an object implementing FixedStepHandler
into a StepHandler . |
SwitchingFunctionsHandler | This class handles several switching
functions during integration. |
SwitchState | This class handles the state for one switching function during integration steps. |
ThreeEighthesIntegrator | This class implements the 3/8 fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator for Ordinary Differential Equations. |
ThreeEighthesStepInterpolator | This class implements a step interpolator for the 3/8 fourth order Runge-Kutta integrator. |
Exception Summary | |
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DerivativeException | This exception is made available to users to report the error conditions that are trigegred while computing the differential equations. |
IntegratorException | This exception is made available to users to report the error conditions that are triggered during integration |
This package provides classes to solve Ordinary Differential Equations problems.
This package solves Initial Value Problems of the form
y'=f(t,y)
with t0
and
y(t0)=y0
known. The provided
integrators compute an estimate of y(t)
from
t=t0
to t=t1
.
All integrators provide dense output. This means that besides
computing the state vector at discrete times, they also provide a
cheap mean to get the state between the time steps. They do so through
classes extending the StepInterpolator
abstract class, which are made available to the user at the end of
each step.
All integrators handle multiple switching functions. This means that
the integrator can be driven by discrete events (occurring when the
signs of user-supplied switching functions
change). The steps are shortened as needed to ensure the events occur
at step boundaries (even if the integrator is a fixed-step
integrator). When the events are triggered, integration can be stopped
(this is called a G-stop facility), the state vector can be changed,
or integration can simply go on. The latter case is useful to handle
discontinuities in the differential equations gracefully and get
accurate dense output even close to the discontinuity. The events are
detected when the functions signs are different at the beginning and
end of the current step, or at several equidistant points inside the
step if its length becomes larger than the maximal checking interval
specified for the given switching function. This time interval should
be set appropriately to avoid missing some switching function sign
changes (it is possible to set it to
Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY
if the sign changes cannot be
missed).
The user should describe his problem in his own classes
(UserProblem
in the diagram below) which should implement
the FirstOrderDifferentialEquations
interface. Then he should pass it to
the integrator he prefers among all the classes that implement the
FirstOrderIntegrator
interface.
The solution of the integration problem is provided by two means. The
first one is aimed towards simple use: the state vector at the end of
the integration process is copied in the y
array of the
FirstOrderIntegrator.integrate
method. The second one should be used
when more in-depth information is needed throughout the integration
process. The user can register an object implementing the StepHandler
interface or a
StepNormalizer
object wrapping a user-specified object implementing the FixedStepHandler
interface into the integrator before calling the FirstOrderIntegrator.integrate
method. The user object will be called
appropriately during the integration process, allowing the user to
process intermediate results. The default step handler does nothing.
ContinuousOutputModel
is a special-purpose step handler that is able
to store all steps and to provide transparent access to any
intermediate result once the integration is over. An important feature
of this class is that it implements the Serializable
interface. This means that a complete continuous model of the
integrated function throughout the integration range can be serialized
and reused later (if stored into a persistent medium like a filesystem
or a database) or elsewhere (if sent to another application). Only the
result of the integration is stored, there is no reference to the
integrated problem by itself.
Other default implementations of the StepHandler
interface are
available for general needs (DummyStepHandler
, StepNormalizer
) and custom
implementations can be developped for specific needs. As an example,
if an application is to be completely driven by the integration
process, then most of the application code will be run inside a step
handler specific to this application.
Some integrators (the simple ones) use fixed steps that are set at
creation time. The more efficient integrators use variable steps that
are handled internally in order to control the integration error with
respect to a specified accuracy (these integrators extend the AdaptiveStepsizeIntegrator
abstract class). In this case, the step
handler which is called after each successful step shows up the
variable stepsize. The StepNormalizer
class can
be used to convert the variable stepsize into a fixed stepsize that
can be handled by classes implementing the FixedStepHandler
interface. Adaptive stepsize integrators can automatically compute the
initial stepsize by themselves, however the user can specify it if he
prefers to retain full control over the integration or if the
automatic guess is wrong.
Fixed Step Integrators | |
Name | Order |
Euler | 1 |
Midpoint | 2 |
Classical Runge-Kutta | 4 |
Gill | 4 |
3/8 | 4 |
Adaptive Stepsize Integrators | ||
Name | Integration Order | Error Estimation Order |
Higham and Hall | 5 | 4 |
Dormand-Prince 5(4) | 5 | 4 |
Dormand-Prince 8(5,3) | 8 | 5 and 3 |
Gragg-Bulirsch-Stoer | variable (up to 18 by default) | variable |
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