Spatial
Relations
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Last
Update: 12/13/02
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This document describes collections, predicates and other
Cyc constants that are used to represent spatial objects and
relations. See also documents for Groups, Quantities, Movement,
Paths & Trajectories, Parts Of Objects, and Geography.
Objects
#$SpatialThing spatial things
The collection of all things that have a spatial
extent or location relative to some other #$SpatialThing
or in some embedding space. Note that to say that an entity
is a member of this collection is to remain agnostic about
two issues. First, a #$SpatialThing
may be #$PartiallyTangible
(e.g. #$Texas-State) or wholly #$Intangible (e.g.
#$ArcticCircle or a line mentioned in a geometric theorem).
Second, although we do insist on location relative to
another spatial thing or in some embedding space, a #$SpatialThing
might or might not be located in the actual physical
universe. It is far from clear that all #$SpatialThings
are so located: an ideal platonic circle or a trajectory
through the phase space of some physical system (e.g.) might
not be. If the intent is to imply location in the
empirically observable cosmos, the user should employ this
collection's specialization, #$SpatialThing-Localized.
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direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
direct generalization of: #$SpaceRegion
#$TwoOrHigherDimensionalThing #$EdgeOnObject-Generic
#$SpatialThing-Localized #$BilaterallySymmetricObject
#$RadiallySymmetricObject
#$GeometricallyDescribableThing
#$SpacePoint #$AmorphousThing #$SheetShaped
#$ShapedThing
#$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType region
types whose instances are non-overlapping region types
A collection of collections, and a specialization
of #$RegionType.
Each instance of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
is a collection of geographical regions, where each of the
regions in the collection is spatially disjoint with the
other regions in the collection. For example, the collection
#$State-UnitedStates
is an instance of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType,
since the territories of U.S. states do not overlap. Other
instances of #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType
include #$CanadianProvince,
#$IndependentCountry,
#$City, and
#$Colony. A non-example is #$EcologicalRegion,
since ecological regions can overlap.
guid: bd58e513-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$RegionType
#$SpaceRegion-Empirical regions
of space
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$SpatialThing-Localized whose
instances are intangible regions of space located in the
empirically observable universe. A space region might or
might not be connected (see #$spatiallyContinuous). It might
be partially or completely filled with (occupied by) #$PartiallyTangibles,
or it might be completely empty (but cf. #$EmptySpaceRegion).
In any case, the space region itself is not to be confused
with a physical object or other spatially localized
(non-space-region) thing that might happen to be #$cospatial
with it. A given space region can be characterized fully
merely by specifying its location and dimensions. Thus
(although this is not the case with spatial things in
general), space regions are identical (#$equals) if and
only if they are #$cospatial. #$SpaceRegion-Empirical
is in a way the spatial analogue of #$TimeInterval,
whose own instances can be fully characterized by specifying
their temporal properties; these two collections can be
used, respectively, to talk about space and time as
dimensions .
guid: c047ef64-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$SpaceRegion #$IntangibleExistingThing #$SpatialThing-Localized
direct generalization of: #$SpaceLine-Empirical #$EmptySpaceRegion
#$CavityInteriorRegion
#$GeographicalSpaceRegion #$SpacePoint-Empirical
#$EmptySpaceRegion empty space
A specialization of #$SpaceRegion-Empirical
whose instances are connected regions of empty space located
in the empirically observable universe. The meaning of empty
depends on context. In a high-energy physics microtheory
where empty is defined as containing no particles, an empty
space region would be a complete vacuum (see also #$Vacuum).
In #$AmbientConditionsMt an empty space region would be
occupied by a piece of #$Atmosphere. An undersea context
could treat empty space regions as filled with seawater. An
instance of #$EmptySpaceRegion
is intangible, and not to be confused with the material --
if any -- that occupies it (cf. #$FreeSpaceContent).
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direct instance of: #$StuffType
direct specialization of:
#$SpaceRegion-Empirical #$EmptyRegion-Generic
#$FreeSpaceContent empty
space (gas) (fluid) (object)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Instances of #$FreeSpaceContent
are connected, tangible, fluid individuals occupying regions
of free space (i.e. instances of #$EmptySpaceRegion):
space regions through which solid objects can move more or
less freely. Examples include the #$Air in the interior of a
room or the sky above a city. In an underwater context, a
piece of free space content is likely to be an instance of
#$Water. Often, a #$FreeSpaceContent
is associated with a geographical region or some physical
boundaries that define its edges. But a (partially) tangible
#$FreeSpaceContent
is not to be confused with the intangible #$EmptySpaceRegion
it occupies.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Air #$EmptyRegion-Generic
#$Border borders
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all lines, linear regions, or
dividing planes or surfaces--physical or abstract--that each
constitutes the boundary between (#$formsBorderBetween) two
regions (i.e., two instances of #$SpatialThing).
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direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$SpatialThing-Localized
#$Place places
A specialization of both #$SpatialThing-Localized
and #$SomethingExisting.
Each instance of #$Place is a spatial
thing which has a relatively permanent location. Thus, in a
given microtheory, each #$Place is stationary
with respect to the frame of reference of that microtheory.
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direct instance of: #$FirstOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$SpatialThing-Localized #$SomethingExisting
direct generalization of:
#$FixedStructure
#$GeographicalRegion
#$GroundsOfOrganization
#$Horizon
#$Place-NonAgent #$PhysicalContactLocation
#$SpaceInAFixedHOC
Surfaces Portals And Cavities
#$Surface-Generic surfaces
The collection of all surfaces, tangible or
intangible (see #$Surface-Physical
and #$Surface-Intangible),
of spatial things. Each instance of #$Surface-Generic
is a spatial thing that has extent in at least two
dimensions, and either has no thickness (i.e. is a two
dimensional object) or has an insignificant thickness
compared to its length and width. (If it is a closed
surface, e.g. an apple skin, then any significant subregion
of it must have insignificant thickness compared to that
subregion's length and width). Thus generic surfaces might
be two- or three-dimensional; tangible or intangible;
spatially connected or not; they might be flat, curved,
folded, or crumpled. Other examples: the skin of a
basketball, the face-up side of a table top, and a
particular face of an abstract cube.
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direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$TwoOrHigherDimensionalThing
direct generalization of:
#$Surface-Intangible
#$Surface-Open #$Surface-Physical
#$FlatSurface
#$Surface-Intangible abstract surfaces
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of both
#$GeometricallyDescribableThing-Intangible and #$Surface-Generic.
Each instance of #$Surface-Intangible
is an intangible, geometrically describable surface.
Positive examples are a convex hull of a coffee table or the
surface of an abstract sphere. A negative example is the
glossy surface of a polished tabletop, since this is a
physical surface, and thus partially tangible.
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direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$GeometricallyDescribableThing-Intangible #$Surface-Generic
#$Surface-Physical physical surfaces
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all real physical (hence
technically three-dimensional) surfaces. The thickness of a
#$Surface-Physical
is much less than its average length or width, but it is not
of zero thickness. A #$Surface-Physical
may have holes, tears, and may be unconnected, in multiple pieces.
guid: bd590365-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible #$Surface-Generic
direct generalization of:
#$ExternalSurface-WholeThing
#$GeographicalRegion
#$Side #$FlatPhysicalSurface
#$InsideSurface
#$SurfaceOnTangibleObject
#$SurfaceOnTangibleObject object surfaces
A specialization of both #$Surface-Physical
and #$SheetOfSomeStuff.
Each instance of #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject
is a sheet-like surface (that is, a surface with one
dimension significantly smaller than the other two) of a
partially tangible object. Such a surface is neither
unconnected nor in multiple pieces. Furthermore, the
properties of such a surface differ noticeably from the
properties of the partially tangible object covered by the
surface. So a veneer surface of a table would be an instance
of #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject,
while the surface of a wooden table with no lining would
not. Further positive examples include carpet that is part
of a floor, paint on a wall, the earth's crust, and the
crust on a piece of bread.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Surface-Physical #$SheetOfSomeStuff
direct generalization of:
#$PathForWheeledVehicles
#$Skin
#$InsideSurface inside surface
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all inside surfaces of (surfaces
of the interiors of) tangible things. The tangible thing may
have a #$Cavity or
several cavities or passageways. Often the tangible thing
can be thought of as a container of some sort.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Surface-Physical
#$ExternalSurface-WholeThing exteriors
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all entire outer physical
surfaces of tangible objects. Excludes mere patches or
portions of the whole surface of an object.
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direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Surface-Physical
#$FlatPhysicalSurface flat surfaces
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all surfaces that are
substantially flat (by the tolerance standards of the the
context). This means that there are no 'significant' concave
depressions or convex bulges or bumps, and that the surface
approximates some portion of a Euclidian plane in space.
Note that the surface may have holes or cracks and may be
disconnected, in multiple (substantially coplanar) pieces. A
typical table top is a #$FlatPhysicalSurface.
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direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Surface-Physical
#$Layer layers
A specialization of #$SheetOfSomeStuff.
Each instance of #$Layer is a
sheet-like object situated adjacent, surface-to-surface, to
at least one surface or layer or region on one side, and
possibly to other layers or surfaces on both sides. An
instance of #$Layer
may be part of a larger object, or it may be an independent
whole object, such as a hide confined in a stack of hides.
An instance of #$Layer is _not_ an
instance of #$FreeSheet.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$SheetOfSomeStuff
direct generalization of:
#$Skin
#$Layered-Coll layered
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The physical structural attribute of being layered,
laminate, or made of #$Layers, like
stratified rock or an onion. An object that is #$Layered has
two or more parts that are each #$Layers.
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direct instance of:
#$Collection
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
#$FreeSheet free sheets
A specialization of #$SheetOfSomeStuff.
Each instance of #$FreeSheet is a
sheet of tangible stuff that has two sides open to the
environment. That is, over most of each of its surfaces, it
is not related by #$sheetSurfaceConnected
(q.v.) with something else. Specializations include
#$SheetOfPaper, #$Towel, #$Fence, and #$CreditCard.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$SheetOfSomeStuff
direct generalization of:
#$CreditCard
#$PrepaidTelephoneCard #$BankDebitCard
#$Leather #$Cloth
#$SheetOfSomeStuff sheets
of some substance
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible.
Each instance of #$SheetOfSomeStuff
is a partially tangible thing which (in its intrinsic shape
-- see #$CurrentShapeVsIntrinsicShape) is continuous and,
when flattened, uncrumpled, unfurled, etc., has one
dimension which is significantly smaller than the other two
dimensions. Although each instance of #$SheetOfSomeStuff
is a _continuous_ sheet, it may be penetrable, so
#$Screen-Mesh, #$Netting, and #$LaceCloth are
specializations of #$SheetOfSomeStuff.
Instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff
may be in solid, liquid, or gaseous form. An instance of
#$Puddle on a relatively flat surface (but not in a deep
pothole) or an instance of #$AltoStratusCloud would be
instances of this collection. Note that being an instance of
#$SheetOfSomeStuff
implies nothing about the current configuration of the
instance; in particular, instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff
need not be perpetually lying flat. For example, aluminum
foil on a roll or a bedspread crumpled up on a bed are
instances of #$SheetOfSomeStuff.
Cf. #$SheetShaped.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingStuffType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
direct generalization of:
#$Card #$Layer #$FreeSheet #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject
#$surfaceAttributeOfSurf-Coll surface
attribute of surf - coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(surfaceAttributeOfSurf SURF SURFATT) means that
the particular individual #$Surface-Physical
SURF has the #$SurfaceAttribute SURFATT over most or all of
its area. It may have more than one such surface attribute.
guid: 078ccbe8-7f01-11d6-8000-0001023560cc
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$isa
#$CurvatureOfSurface-Coll curvature
of surface
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all surface curvature attributes.
These may apply to a particular piece of a surface of an
object, or to the whole surface. For real-world
(non-mathematical) surfaces, there is ordinarily some
tolerance for minor surface deviations that depends on the
context. Thus a 'flat' surface may have relatively small
bumps and crevices.
guid: e21898b8-74ad-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$Collection
#$Convex-Coll convex
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A surface attribute meaning that the surface's
overall shape is dominated by an outward bulge or mound, or
consists of projecting corners between planes. In most
contexts, it may have relatively small subregions which are
concave or flat, etc., so long as overall shape is convex.
Viewing something as convex assumes a perspective. From the
opposite perspective, on the `other side', a #$Convex
surface would look #$Concave.
guid: 5b6cb4b4-74be-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of:
#$Collection
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
direct generalization of:
#$Mountain #$ConvexTangibleObject
#$ConvexHullFn convex
hull fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This function, when given as an argument an
instance of #$SpatialThing
(which may be a single object or a #$Group of several
unconnected objects), returns the abstract surface that is
the convex hull of that spatial thing. (#$ConvexHullFn
OBJECT) denotes the convex hull that encloses, precisely,
all of the minimal convex region of space that
#$spatiallySubsumes all parts of OBJECT. The convex hull is
a surface; for the minimal convex region of space, see #$ConvexHullSpaceFn.
guid: c103b180-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$Individual
#$ConvexHullSpaceFn convex
hull space fn
An instance of both #$IndividualDenotingFunction
and #$ReifiableFunction.
#$ConvexHullSpaceFn
takes as its argument an instance of #$SpatialThing
(which may be a single object or a #$Group of several
unconnected objects) and returns the spatial region that is
enclosed by the convex hull of the object or objects. (#$ConvexHullSpaceFn
OBJECT) is the minimal convex region of space that
#$spatiallySubsumes (q.v.) all parts of OBJECT. The enclosed
space is three- or two-dimensional and is not the hull
surface itself, which is obtained by the function #$ConvexHullFn
(q.v.). See also #$minimalConvexSpaceSubsuming
guid: bf3bb632-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$ConvexTangibleObject convex
tangible object
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all instances of #$PartiallyTangible
that are convex; i.e., have no significant concave surfaces,
cavities or crevices (the size of allowable minor
concavities may depend on the context). An instance of #$ConvexTangibleObject
occupies about the same space as its convex hull; see #$ConvexHullFn
and #$ConvexHullSpaceFn.
A solid physical sphere or cube is an instance of #$ConvexTangibleObject,
but a cup or doughnut cannot be.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
#$CordlikeObject cord-like objects
A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible.
Each instance of #$CordlikeObject
is a partially tangible non-fluid object (so #$CordlikeObject
is disjoint with #$FluidTangibleThing)
whose length is significantly greater than either its height
or width. Moreover, each instance of #$CordlikeObject
has a high degree of flexibility. Notable specializations of
#$CordlikeObject
include the collections #$Nerve, #$Tape,
and #$Cable.
guid: bd58f581-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StuffType
direct specialization of:
#$Path-Customary #$Path-Simple #$PartiallyTangible
direct generalization of:
#$AnatomicalVessel
#$Nerve
#$EdgeOnObject edges
of a physical object
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all edges on objects that are
instances of #$PartiallyTangible.
For a two-dimensional object, its boundaries other than
corners are it edges. For a three dimensional object the
edges are the outer portions of those extremities, excluding
any corners (#$Corner-2or3d),
that are much more acute in cross section in one direction
than in most other directions at the same point. Some
objects, like spheres, hairs, poles and typical burrs, have
no edges. A discus has one, round, edge has four edges. A
mountain ridge might have only a single edge. A solid
polyhedron has six or more edges.
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direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible #$EdgeOnObject-Generic #$Path-Spatial
#$Corner-2d two-dimensional corners
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all regions wherein two linear
edges of a two dimensional or sheet-shaped object (i.e.,
considered in this context to be sheet shaped) meet to form
an angle of substantially less than 180 degrees. Polygons
have at least three corners each.
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direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Corner-2or3d
#$Corner-3d three-dimensional corners
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all regions where three or more
surfaces of an object (which is considered three dimensional
in current context), and three or more #$EdgeOnObjects,
meet. This includes corners of boxes, the tops of pyramids,
etc. Each #$Corner-3d
includes some solid angle of part of the object.
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direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Corner-2or3d
#$Corner-2or3d corners
(tangible things)
A specialization of #$PartiallyTangible.
Each instance of #$Corner-2or3d
is a region centered around a point where two edges of a
sheet-like object meet at an angle, or where three or more
surfaces (together with three or more solid edges dividing
them) meet at one place forming a solid angle. Instances of
#$Corner-2or3d
are either #$Convex or #$Concave with respect to some perspective.
guid: c0fba90e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
direct generalization of:
#$Corner-3d #$Corner-2d
#$Concave-Coll concave
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An attribute of a surface meaning that it is bumped
or indented inward. A concave surface has a pair of points
which are both closer to a viewer than points on the surface
between them. Depending on the context, it may have
relatively small subregions which have convexities (e.g.
wrinkles, small dents, corrugations) or are flat so long as
the overall shape is concave. Saddle-shapes, although convex
in certain dimensions, are concave in others and are
therefore concave.
guid: 24a85e9a-74bb-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of:
#$Collection
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
direct generalization of:
#$Cavity
#$Portal portals
A specialization of both #$Path-Spatial
and #$Cavity. Each
instance of #$Portal is an
opening -- in a surface, through a tube, or whatever -- with
or without a covering (although any covering is not itself
typically part of the portal). Specializations include #$Doorway,
#$Valve, and #$BodilyOrifice.
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direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Path-Spatial #$Cavity #$Path-Simple
direct generalization of:
#$PipeEndToCavityJunction
#$WindowPortal
#$Doorway
#$containsPortals contains portals
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$containsPortals
OBJECT PORTAL) means that the OBJECT has PORTAL as one of
its holes, passages, exits or entrances.
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direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$FunctionalPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$PhysicalPartPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$parts #$hasAsCavity
#$spaceRegionPortals space
region portals
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$spaceRegionPortals
REGION HOLE) means that HOLE is a #$Portal into
the #$CavityInteriorRegion REGION.
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direct instance of: #$InterExistingObjectPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$adjacentTo
#$hasPortalToRegion has
portal to region
A #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
that is a specialization of both #$near and #$temporallyIntersects.
(#$hasPortalToRegion
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 is connected to OBJ2 by some type
of #$Portal
(q.v.). For example, (#$hasPortalToRegion
MyMasterBedroom MyMasterBathroom). See also #$portalConnectsRegions.
guid: bd58b12b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$near
#$portalConnectsRegions portal
connects regions
(#$portalConnectsRegions
PORTAL HERE THERE) means that the regions HERE and THERE are
connected via PORTAL, and that at least one of HERE and
THERE contains PORTAL as a physical part.
guid: bd58d88e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CotemporalPredicate
#$TernaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$pathBetween
#$Cavity cavities
The collection of all cavities, including instances
of #$Crevice,
deep concavities or holes, and cavities of containers (for
example, the interior of a box). Instances of #$Cavity can include
walls as parts, in which case they are instances of
#$CavityWithWalls. Instances of #$Cavity, unlike
instances of #$Container, do not have well defined outside walls.
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direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$CavityOrContainer
direct generalization of: #$CavityWithWalls #$Portal #$CavityInteriorRegion
#$SpaceInAHOC
#$containsCavityWithWalls contains
cavity with walls
(#$containsCavityWithWalls
OBJECT CAVITY) means that the #$PartiallyTangible
OBJECT contains the #$CavityWithWalls CAVITY either
somewhere within OBJECT, or on OBJECT's surface.
guid: bd5891ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$FunctionalPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$PhysicalPartPredicate
direct specialization of: #$hasAsCavity #$physicalParts
#$cavityHasWall cavity
has wall
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(cavityHasWall CAV WALL) means that the the #$Cavity CAV has WALL
as one of its walls (or part of one of its walls), or
partly-enclosing inner surfaces. #$cavityHasWall
is often used for describing the relationship between some
space or part of a #$ConstructionArtifact
and the substructures that bound or enclose it (e.g., the
relationship between a room and its walls, floor(s), and ceiling(s)).
guid: bd58c7f2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PhysicalPartPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$physicalParts
#$Crevice crackz
(tangible things) (things with a location) (spatial things)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all long, slender cavities or
cracks or furrows in otherwise solid objects. The width of a
crevice is significantly less than its length. The depth of
a crevice is often greater than its width, and is never
significantly less than its width.
guid: c0fcdf4c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$CavityWithWalls
#$CavityInteriorRegion interiors
(tangible things) (things with a location) (spatial things)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of space regions that constitute
cavities inside the walls or boundaries of solid objects.
Such regions need not be completely sealed off. As a space
region, an instance of #$CavityInteriorRegion
is intangible, and thus not to be confused with the
partially tangible matter that might fill or occupy it (see
#$CavityInteriorContent). See also #$Cavity, whose
instances, unlike those of #$CavityInteriorRegion,
can include walls (in which cases they are also instances of #$CavityWithWalls).
guid: bd58a8e9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Cavity #$SpaceRegion-Empirical #$CavityInterior-Generic
#$CavityInteriorRegionFn cavity
interior region fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$CavityInteriorRegionFn
OBJECT) denotes the entire interior space region (#$CavityInteriorRegion)
within any #$Cavity or cavites
(chambers, passages, pockets, bubbles, etc.) that occur
inside of OBJECT. This does not include the walls of the
chamber(s) or passage(s), just the interior space itself.
guid: bd58ff3c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$TubeShape tube shape
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$CylinderShape. Each instance
of #$TubeShape
is a hollow cylinder whose height is much greater than the
radius of its base. Examples include spatially localized
objects, such as pipes and hoses, as well as some abstract cylinders.
guid: c10060cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ThreeDimensionalShapeType
#$GenericShapeType
direct specialization of: #$CylinderShape
#$Pipe-GenericConduit pipes
A specialization of #$FluidConduit; the collection
of all enclosed tubular fluid conduits with openings at both
ends. #$Pipe-GenericConduit
encompasses both human-made pipes as well as natural pipes,
found naturally occurring in the environment or in an
organism's body (like #$BloodVessels).
guid: bd5899fd-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$CylindricalHollowObject #$Container #$FluidConduit
direct generalization of:
#$AnatomicalVessel
Shape
#$ShapeType configurations
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$ShapeType is a
subcollection of #$SpatialThing (q.v.).
guid: c0f46e0f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$ObjectType
direct generalization of:
#$AbstractShapeType
#$ThreeDimensionalShapeType
#$TwoDimensionalShapeType
#$GenericShapeType
#$GeometricThing-Abstract abstract shapes
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing
each of whose instances is abstract in the sense of being
intangible (see #$Intangible) as well
as lacking spatial and temporal location. Each instance of
#$GeometricThing-Abstract
is an abstract region of an abstract space (the latter
having two or more dimensions). Geometric figures that are
located in this (or another) universe are not instances of
this collection, but of #$GeometricThing-Localized.
guid: bd5885bc-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$GeometricallyDescribableThing-Intangible #$MathematicalObject
#$fitsIn fits in
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$fitsIn is used to
give an approximation of the external size and shape of
particular tangible objects, by relating an object to an
abstract region of space described as a geometric shape with
definite dimensions. (#$fitsIn OBJ SHAPE)
gives an upper bound for the size of the object OBJ, by
stating what sized shape OBJ will fit inside. #$fitsIn uses the
elements of #$ShapeFunction
(q.v.) for reference, especially the basic shapes generated
by #$RectangularSolidFn,
#$CylinderFn, and
#$SphereFn.
(Note: actual instances of AbstractPhysicalShape are NOT
used for assertions made with #$fitsIn.) Examples:
(#$fitsIn
#$Pittman (#$RectangularSolidFn
(#$Meter 2) (#$Meter 0.35) (#$Meter 0.25))) and
(#$fitsIn
HopeDiamond (#$CylinderFn
(#$Centi (#$Meter
10) (#$Centi(#$Meter 10))). When #$fitsIn is used in a
rule to represent a class of objects with variable sizes,
the #$ShapeFunction
used should refer to the largest size that such objects
normally have. For example, by default, any sandwich SW (#$fitsIn SW (#$RectangularSolidFn
(#$Inch 12) (#$Inch 12) (#$Inch 6))).
guid: bd590bea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated
#$canContainShapes can
contain shapes
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$canContainShapes
is used to give an approximation of the internal size and
shape of particular tangible objects, by relating an object
to an abstract region of space described as a geometric
shape with definite dimensions. (#$canContainShapes
OBJ SHAPE) gives an upper bound for the size of things that
can be contained in the object OBJ, by specifying the
dimensions of an abstract shape which OBJ can contain. #$canContainShapes
uses the elements of #$ShapeFunction
(q.v.) for reference, especially the basic shapes generated
by #$RectangularSolidFn,
#$CylinderFn, and
#$SphereFn.
For example, the trunk of my Honda Civic #$canContainShapes
of (#$RectangularSolidFn
(#$Meter 1) (#$Meter 0.5) (#$Meter 0.75)). Cf.
#$fitsIn.
guid: bd58d16d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated
#$ShapeFunction shape functions
A specialization of #$IndividualDenotingFunction;
an instance of #$FunctionCategory. Each instance of #$ShapeFunction
returns an element of #$GeometricThing-Abstract.
Notable examples of #$ShapeFunction
include #$RectangleFn, #$EllipseFn, #$CircleFn, #$RectangularSolidFn,
#$CylinderFn,
etc. Each shape function takes as argument(s) the
dimension(s) of #$Distance needed
to determine a geometric shape of that kind, then returns an
abstract shape which has those dimensions. For example, (#$CylinderFn L
D) denotes an abstract cylinder of length L and diameter D.
guid: bd58809c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FunctionCategory
direct specialization of:
#$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$SphereFn sphere fn
An instance of #$ShapeFunction.
When applied to an instance of #$Distance-Absolute, #$SphereFn returns
an an instance of (#$AbstractShapeTypeFn #$SphereShape). (#$SphereFn D)
denotes the abstract sphere with diameter D. Positive
examples: the #$shapeOfObject
of a 2-inch rubber ball is #$SphereShape; the ball #$fitsIn the shape
denoted by (#$SphereFn (#$Inch 2)). The #$shapeOfObject
of #$PlanetEarth is also #$SphereShape; Earth #$fitsIn the shape
denoted by (#$SphereFn (#$Mile 8000)).
guid: bd5880b5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ShapeFunction
#$TotalDenotationalFunction #$UnreifiableFunction
#$UnaryFunction #$Individual
#$RectangularSolidFn rectangular
solid fn
An instance of #$ShapeFunction.
When applied to a trio of instances of #$Distance-Absolute,
#$RectangularSolidFn
returns an instance of (#$AbstractShapeTypeFn
#$Rectangular3DShape). (#$RectangularSolidFn
DP BR HT) returns an abstract rectangular solid of depth DP,
breadth BR, and height HT. For example, the #$shapeOfObject
of a 2-by-4 stud is #$Rectangular3DShape; it #$fitsIn the #$shapeOfObject
denoted by (#$RectangularSolidFn
(#$Inch 2) (#$Inch 4) (#$Foot-UnitOfMeasure 8)).
guid: bd5880b4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ShapeFunction
#$TernaryFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$Individual
#$CylinderFn cylinder fn
An instance of #$ShapeFunction
(q.v.). When applied to a pair of instances of
#$Distance-Absolute, #$CylinderFn
returns an instance of (#$AbstractShapeTypeFn
#$CylinderShape). (#$CylinderFn L
D) denotes an abstract cylinder of length L and diameter D.
For example (#$CylinderFn (#$Inch 10) (#$Inch 5)) denotes an
abstract cylinder 10 inches long and 5 inches in diameter.
guid: bd5880b3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ShapeFunction
#$BinaryFunction #$UnreifiableFunction #$Individual
#$ThreeDimensionalShapeType types
of three dimensional shape
A collection of collections and a specialization of
#$ShapeType
(q.v.). Each instance of #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType
is a specialization of #$ThreeDimensionalGeometricThing
(q.v.) all of whose own instances have something in common
as regards their shape. Instances include the collections
#$CylinderShape, #$SphereShape, and #$Rectangular3DShape.
guid: c0f46ec5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ShapeType
#$TwoDimensionalShapeType types
of two dimensional shape
A collection of collections. Each instance of #$TwoDimensionalShapeType
is a specialization of #$TwoDimensionalGeometricThing.
guid: c0f46e93-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SiblingDisjointCollectionType
#$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ShapeType
#$AbstractShapeType types
of abstract shape
A collection of collections. An instance SHAPE of
#$ShapeType
(q.v.) is also an instance of #$AbstractShapeType
if and only if SHAPE is a specialization of #$GeometricThing-Abstract.
Since all of the instances of a given instance of #$AbstractShapeType
are abstract, the collection #$AbstractShapeType
is disjoint with #$GenericShapeType (q.v.), which is the
collection of those collections that are instances of #$ShapeType, some
of whose instances are abstract, and some of whose instances
are localized (note that there is no collection `LocalizedShapeType').
guid: c0f46e32-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SecondOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$ShapeType
#$LongAndThin-Coll long
and thin
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A physical attribute. #$LongAndThin is the
#$PhysicalStructuralAttribute that characterizes a tangible
object which has one dimension whose length exceeds that of
each of the other two dimensions by at least a factor of
three. E.g., pencils, straws, telephone wire, submarines,
skyscrapers. Cf. #$SheetShaped.
guid: 8797c068-74bb-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of:
#$Collection
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
direct generalization of:
#$Shaft #$EdgeOnObject
#$CordlikeObject
#$PathArtifact
#$Crevice
#$PointyEnded-Coll pointy
ended - coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Includes anything which tapers to a pointy or sharp
end--pens, pencils, needles, pins, nails, and wood-screws,
but not wires (no taper). Most knives would be included, but
only because they have pointy ends. A knife with a rounded
ended and a sharp blade would not be included.
guid: 0122c774-74bd-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of:
#$Collection
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
#$SharpEdged-Coll sharp
edged - coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Includes anything which has a sharp edge. Includes
knives, scissors, and broken glass. Does not include the
right angle at the edge of a desk--that's not sharp enough.
Does not include the edge of a cotton sheet--that's not hard
enough to be sharp. Does not include a needle--it may be
sharp, but it's not an edge. For needles, nails, etc., see #$PointyEnded.
guid: 1f34ed22-74be-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of:
#$Collection
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
#$SheetShaped panels
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$ShapeType. #$SheetShaped
refers to an object that is flat and spread out, planar, and
neither fully crumpled nor compactly folded. Such an object
has two opposing surfaces which have the attribute #$Flat
(q.v.). The other surfaces have much smaller area than the
two main flat surfaces. Thus, one of the three orthogonal
dimensions (length, width or height) of a #$SheetShaped
object is much smaller than the other two. Ice over ponds,
and sheets of paint on a house are all possible examples of
such objects. A bedspread is #$SheetShaped
only if it is not folded into a small volume or crumpled.
See #$CurrentShapeVsIntrinsicShape. For describing a sheet
of something (e.g., waxed paper, aluminum foil, cloth)
regardless of its configuration, use #$SheetOfSomeStuff.
For 'one-sided' surfaces (see #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject),
such as 'TheGreatPlains' #$SheetShaped
is not appropriate but #$Flat is appropriate.
guid: bd58c6d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ShapeType
direct specialization of:
#$SpatialThing
Symmetry In Space
#$RadiallySymmetricObject radially
symmetric object
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of objects which are radially
symmetric, such as wheels, starfish, etc.
guid: bd5906ff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$SpatialThing
#$BilaterallySymmetricObject bilaterally
symmetric objects
A specialization of #$SpatialThing.
Each instance of #$BilaterallySymmetricObject
is an object which is symmetric on both sides of a bisecting axis.
guid: bd58b94b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$SpatialThing
direct generalization of:
#$ClothingItem
#$LeftObject left
objects of a pair
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$TangibleObjectTypeBySide. #$LeftObject is
the collection of tangible objects that are meant for, or
are found on and distinctively structured for, the left side
of some larger object or ensemble of parts. Examples include
left hands, left shoes, and automobile left-turn. A given #$LeftObject will
typically be one of a pair whose other member is a #$RightObject.
guid: bd58d4ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
#$RightObject right
objects of a pair
An instance of #$TangibleObjectTypeBySide. #$RightObject is
the collection of tangible objects that are meant for, or
are found on and distinctively structured for, the right
side of some larger object or ensemble of parts. Examples
include right hands, right shoes, automobile right-turn
indicators. A given #$RightObject
will typically be one of a pair whose other member is a #$LeftObject.
guid: bd589f35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$PartiallyTangible
#$symmetricPartTypes symmetric
part types
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$symmetricPartTypes
BIG SMALL) means that every instance of BIG has exactly two,
symmetrically positioned, instance of SMALL as parts.
guid: bf12f780-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$physicalPartTypes
#$uniquePartTypes unique
part types
The predicate #$uniquePartTypes
relates two sub-collections of #$PartiallyTangible.
(#$uniquePartTypes
BIG SMALL) means that every instance of BIG has exactly one
instance of SMALL as a physical part (see the predicate #$physicalParts).
guid: bdc6b464-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$physicalPartTypes
#$SymmetryMemberFunction symmetry
member function
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The class of functions which return one member of a
symmetric relation. This class consists of #$LeftFn and #$RightFn.
guid: bd744168-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FunctionCategory
direct specialization of:
#$UnaryFunction #$ReifiableFunction
Direction And Orientation Vocabulary
#$FrameOfReference frames
of reference
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$MathematicalObject.
Each instance of #$FrameOfReference
is a mathematical (and hence intangible) representation of
the context in which certain data are to be interpreted.
Such contexts are typically physical (i.e., spatiotemporal),
but contexts may also be purely mathematical. A Cartesian
coordinate system represents a frame of reference.
guid: bd58d4a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$MathematicalObject
#$TerrestrialFrameOfReference terrestrial
frame of reference
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The terrestrial frame of reference is the unique
individual #$FrameOfReference
that generally regards the surface of the #$PlanetEarth as
fixed in the background space. It permits fixed notions of
#$VerticalOrientation
and #$HorizontalOrientation.
There are multiple standard coordinate systems based on the
#$TerrestrialFrameOfReference,
including #$latitude and #$longitude, Earth-Centered
Cartesian, and others. Various local frames of reference and
coordinate systems assume the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference.
guid: bd5905ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$MathematicalObject
#$Individual
#$OrientationAttribute-Coll orientation
attribute - coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of attributes which characterize an
object's orientation relative to whatever instance of #$FrameOfReference
is being used in the current context. In most contexts,
orientation is taken with respect to the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference.
guid: 44bf811c-74ad-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$Collection
#$HorizontalOrientation horizontal
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$orientation OBJECT #$HorizontalOrientation)
means that OBJECT is horizontal with respect to the current
instance of #$FrameOfReference.
A linear (#$LongAndThin) object is horizontal if and only if
its longest axis lies in the horizontal plane. A planar (#$SheetShaped)
object is horizontal if and only if its two longest axes lie
in the horizontal plane. Typically, horizontal objects
include dinner plates, mousepads, ice skating rinks, parking
lots, and stratus clouds.
guid: c0fbacf8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AttributeValue
#$Individual
#$VerticalOrientation vertical
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$orientation OBJECT #$VerticalOrientation)
means that OBJECT is vertical with respect to the current
instance of #$FrameOfReference.
A linear (#$LongAndThin) object is vertical if and only if
its longest dimension is perpendicular to horizontal (#$HorizontalDirection).
A planar (#$SheetShaped)
object has #$VerticalOrientation
if and only if its planar surface is perpendicular to the
current horizontal plane. Typically, vertical objects
include window panes, skyscrapers, trees, radio towers, and walls.
guid: c0fbad0b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AttributeValue
#$Individual
#$UpsideDown upside-down
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$orientation OBJECT #$UpsideDown)
means that OBJECT's intrinsic bottom (e.g., the hull of a
ship) is above (#$above-Directly)
its intrinsic top (e.g., the masthead). Many things don't
work properly when upside down, e.g., sailboats, salad
bowls, newspapers.
guid: c0fbac43-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AttributeValue
#$Individual
#$RightSideUp typical
hound's orientation (attribute value)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$orientation OBJECT #$RightSideUp)
means that OBJECT's intrinsic top (e.g., the lid of a
teapot) is above (#$above-Directly)
its intrinsic bottom (e.g., bowl of a teapot).
guid: c0fbac6d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$AttributeValue
#$Individual
#$oppositeDirection-Interval opposite
direction - interval
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$oppositeDirection-Interval
COMING GOING) means that the vector which points in the
opposite direction to the vector COMING is the vector GOING.
More technically, COMING and GOING are both elements of #$UnitVectorInterval
in Cyc's spatial representation, and the midpoint of the
direction interval COMING is 180 degrees from the midpoint
of the direction interval GOING. Examples: (#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$North-Generally
#$South-Generally),
(#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$DorsalDirection #$VentralDirection). If a precise opposite
direction is needed, use #$oppositeDirection-Precise.
guid: bd58896c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate
#$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$disjointDirections
#$oppositeDirection-Precise opposite
direction - precise
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Predicate used mainly for reasoning about
orientations within a given frame of reference. (#$oppositeDirection-Precise
DIR OPPDIR) means that DIR is precisely the opposite
direction to OPPDIR. The predicate may be taken to imply
that the vectors denoting the directions are separated by
180 degrees.
guid: bd58c726-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$StrictlyFunctionalPredicate
#$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$parallelVectors
#$TerrestrialDirection terrestrial directions
A specialization of #$Direction
(q.v.). Each instance of #$TerrestrialDirection
is a direction that characterizes the orientation of objects
on or near the surface of the Earth. An important
specialization is #$GeographicalDirection (q.v.).
guid: bd588a62-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of:
#$Direction
direct generalization of:
#$GeographicalDirection
#$Up-Generally upward
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$TerrestrialDirection.
#$Up-Generally
comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some
reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of
#$Up-Directly.
guid: bd58a4d6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TerrestrialDirection
#$Individual
#$Up-Directly up - directly
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The direction straight up. In the terrestrial
context, #$Up-Directly
points in the opposite direction of Earth's gravitational
force vector.
guid: bd5889a9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$UnitVector-Precise
#$TerrestrialDirection
#$Individual
#$Down-Generally downward
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$TerrestrialDirection.
#$Down-Generally
comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some
reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of
#$Down-Directly.
guid: bd58a496-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TerrestrialDirection
#$Individual
#$Down-Directly down
- directly
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The direction straight down. In the terrestrial
context, #$Down-Directly
points in the same direction as Earth's gravitational force vector.
guid: bd5889eb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TerrestrialDirection
#$UnitVector-Precise
#$Individual
#$HorizontalDirection horizontal direction
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The element of #$VectorInterval
that comprises all the vectors which are perpendicular to #$Up-Directly
and #$Down-Directly.
guid: bd58ba3a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TerrestrialDirection
#$Individual
#$VerticalDirection vertical
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The element of #$VectorInterval
that comprises all the vectors that are parallel to #$Up-Directly
and #$Down-Directly.
guid: bd58baba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TerrestrialDirection
#$Individual
#$GeographicalDirection directions
(structured information sources)
A specialization of #$TerrestrialDirection
(q.v.). The #$GeographicalDirections
derive from the intrinsic directional axes of a terrestrial
frame of reference: North-South and East-West. Like all #$VectorIntervals,
geographical directions can be specified precisely (e.g. #$North-Directly)
or as proper intervals (e.g. #$North-Generally);
see the specializations #$GeographicalDirection-Direct and #$GeographicalDirection-General.
guid: bd58dbdb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$TerrestrialDirection
direct generalization of:
#$GeographicalDirection-Direct
#$GeographicalDirection-General
#$North-Generally is the
atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn
#$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$South-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$South-Generally)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
An instance of #$GeographicalDirection.
#$North-Generally
comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from some
reference point) within approximately forty-five degrees of
#$North-Directly (q.v.).
guid: bd588776-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General
#$Individual
#$North-Directly is the atomic
form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$South-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$South-Directly)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Due North, an instance of #$GeographicalDirection.
guid: bd58fb02-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct
#$Individual
#$South-Generally is the
atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn
#$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$North-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$North-Generally)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The general direction of South. In the context of
the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a
narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a
range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so
that it does not overlap with that of any other general
direction. Thus: The instance of #$VectorInterval
that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from
some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in
either direction) of #$South-Directly.
guid: bd5887b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General
#$Individual
#$South-Directly is the atomic
form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$North-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$North-Directly)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Due South. An instance of #$TerrestrialDirection.
guid: bd58dde2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct
#$Individual
#$East-Generally is the atomic
form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$West-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$West-Generally)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The general direction of East. In the context of
the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a
narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a
range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so
that it does not overlap with that of any other general
direction. Thus: The instance of #$VectorInterval
that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from
some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in
either direction) of #$East-Directly.
guid: bd58a558-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General
#$Individual
#$East-Directly is the atomic
form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$West-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$West-Directly)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Due East, an instance of #$GeographicalDirection.
guid: bd58f124-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct
#$Individual
#$West-Generally is the atomic
form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$East-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$East-Generally)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The general direction of West. In the context of
the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a
narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a
range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so
that it does not overlap with that of any other general
direction. Thus: The instance of #$VectorInterval
that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from
some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in
either direction) of #$West-Directly.
guid: bd58a517-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General
#$Individual
#$West-Directly is the atomic
form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$East-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$East-Directly)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Due West, an instance of #$GeographicalDirection.
guid: bd58f165-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct
#$Individual
#$Northeast-Generally is
the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn
#$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Southwest-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Southwest-Generally)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The general direction of Northeast. In the context
of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a
narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a
range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so
that it does not overlap with that of any other general
direction. Thus: The element of #$VectorInterval
that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from
some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in
either direction) of #$Northeast-Directly.
guid: c107ca50-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General
#$Individual
#$Northeast-Directly is
the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn
#$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Southwest-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Southwest-Directly)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The precise Northeast direction from any geographic
point other than a pole.
guid: bd588d73-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct
#$Individual
#$Northwest-Generally is
the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn
#$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Southeast-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Southeast-Generally)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The general direction of Northwest. In the context
of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a
narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a
range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so
that it does not overlap with that of any other general
direction. Thus: The instance of #$VectorInterval
that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from
some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in
either direction) of #$Northwest-Directly.
guid: c090ff2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General
#$Individual
#$Northwest-Directly is
the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn
#$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Southeast-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Southeast-Directly)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The precise Northwest direction from any geographic
point other than a pole.
guid: bd588aad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct
#$Individual
#$Southeast-Generally is
the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn
#$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Northwest-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Northwest-Generally)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The general direction of Southeast. In the context
of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a
narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a
range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so
that it does not overlap with that of any other general
direction. Thus: The instance of #$VectorInterval
that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from
some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in
either direction) of #$Southeast-Directly.
guid: bde453b2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General
#$Individual
#$Southeast-Directly is
the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn
#$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Northwest-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Northwest-Directly)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The precise Southeast direction from any geographic
point other than a pole.
guid: bd588a29-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct
#$Individual
#$Southwest-Generally is
the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn
#$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Northeast-Generally)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Northeast-Generally)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The general direction of Southwest. In the context
of the CPoF Block Party VI simulation, this constant has a
narrower meaning according to which it corresponds to a
range of degrees that is half what it is in the BaseKB, so
that it does not overlap with that of any other general
direction. Thus: The element of #$VectorInterval
that comprises the cone-shaped set of vectors pointing (from
some reference point) within approximately 22.5 degrees (in
either direction) of #$Southwest-Directly.
guid: be8d6ed9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-General
#$Individual
#$Southwest-Directly is
the atomic form of (#$InstanceWithRelationToFn
#$GeographicalDirection #$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Northeast-Directly)(#$InstanceWithRelationToFn #$GeographicalDirection
#$oppositeDirection-Interval
#$Northeast-Directly)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The precise Southwest direction from any geographic
point other than a pole.
guid: bd588ae7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GeographicalDirection-Direct
#$Individual
#$SpatialPredicate spatial relations
A specialization of #$CotemporalPredicate.
Each instance of #$SpatialPredicate
is a spatial relation that can (only) hold between one or
more #$SpatialThings,
and is used to state something about its/their spatial
location(s), position(s), or orientation(s). Note that when
a #$SpatialPredicate
has a #$Group as one
of its arguments, a certain spatial relationship is ususally
being asserted to hold of all or most of the members of that
group; but there are exceptions (e.g. #$in-Among) for
which this is not the case.
guid: bd58bc17-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$PredicateCategory
#$AtemporalNecessarilyEssentialCollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$CotemporalPredicate
direct generalization of: #$ConnectionPredicate
#$orientation-Coll orientation
- coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$orientation OBJECT ORTN) means that the tangible
OBJECT is oriented in the way described by the
#$OrientationAttribute ORTN. Examples: (#$orientation OBJ #$RightSideUp),
(#$orientation OBJ #$VerticalOrientation).
#$orientation is asserted with respect to the current
context's #$FrameOfReference.
guid: 754db1d4-7f00-11d6-8000-0001023560cc
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$isa
#$upAxisPoints up
axis points
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$upAxisPoints
OBJ DIR) means OBJ's intrinsic up-axis points in the
direction DIR. An object has an intrinsic up-axis only if it
has an intrisic top by virtue of its design or function.
People, rockets, cars, and cups are examples of objects with
intrinsic tops. A sphere has no intrinsic top, due to its
symmetry. If an object with an intrinsic up-axis, OBJ, is on
its side, one asserts (#$upAxisPoints
OBJ #$HorizontalDirection).
If OBJ is upside-down, one asserts (#$upAxisPoints
OBJ #$Down-Directly)
or (#$upAxisPoints
OBJ #$Down-Generally),
depending on how precise one wishes to be.
guid: bd590a36-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
#$facesDirection faces direction
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$facesDirection
OBJ DIR) means that the intrinsic forward axis of OBJ (i.e.,
the vector normal to its intrinsic front side) points in the
direction DIR. Note that an object only has an intrinsic
forward axis if it has some intrinsic front side by virtue
of its design or function. For example, trains, cars, and
bullets have intrinsic front faces by virtue of the
direction in which they are intended to travel. Other
objects, such as refrigerators, bookshelves against walls,
and televisions, have front faces by virtue of how people
usually view the object. Spheres, being symmetric, do not
have an intrinsic forward axis.
guid: bd58b302-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
#$IntrinsicAxisOfObject intrinsic axes
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all intrinsic axes of objects
(where those objects can be either spatially localized or
abstract), being the conventional or obvious axes depending
on shape, movement or function of the object. For example,
for a chest-of-drawers, the intrinsic axes are
top-to-bottom, side-to-side, and front-to-back. See also #$AxisFn. Each
intrinsic axis is a direction relative to the object's orientation.
guid: bd58eb96-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Axis
#$AxisFn axis fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$AxisFn
OBJ REGIONTYP1 REGIONTYP2) is a function that, applied to an
individual object OBJ and two types of region of such an
object, returns the axis through the object, determined by
running the axis through the centers of the individual
regions (of those types) of the object. Thus #$AxisFn is an #$IndividualDenotingFunction
that returns a particular axis of an individual object. (#$AxisFn OBJ
FROM-SIDE TO-SIDE) denotes a directional axis, pointing from
FROM-SIDE to TO-SIDE of OBJ and extending through it. For
example, (#$AxisFn
`Chair37' #$BackSide #$FrontSide) would
denote the back-to-front axis of Chair37. See also #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject.
Note that resultant axis is straight, so that the #$AxisFn of a coiled
hose from its female end to its male end would not be
aligned with the hose.
guid: bd58daa2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$direction-Pointing direction
- pointing
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$direction-Pointing
OBJ DIR) means that the intrinsic pointing axis of OBJ
points in the direction DIR (which is described using an
instance of #$UnitVectorInterval).
Pointing axes may be ascribed to certain objects especially
in relation to their function(s); e.g., objects which are
intended to indicate direction (e.g., a pointer stick, a
compass needle); objects which cause motion in a certain
direction (e.g., a gun, a train); objects which are accessed
from a certain direction (e.g., cupboards, couches).
guid: bd58b9fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
#$facesObject direction
an object is facing
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The Cyc predicate #$facesObject is
used to represent the orientation of one object to another.
(#$facesObject
OBJ1 AXIS1 OBJ2) means that an intrinsic axis projected
through OBJ1 (i.e., AXIS1) spatially intersects with the
second object, OBJ2. See also #$IntrinsicAxisOfObject,
#$AxisFn.
guid: bd588de5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ObjectPredicate
#$TernaryPredicate
#$Angle angles
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$GeometricallyDescribableThing.
Each instance of #$Angle is formed by
two lines diverging from the same point, or two surfaces
diverging from the same line. Examples include spatially
localized objects, such as the angle formed by the
intersection of two walls, and abstract objects, such as the
angle formed by the intersection of two (abstract) lines.
guid: bd61bd87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$GenericShapeType
direct specialization of:
#$GeometricallyDescribableThing
Spatially Oriented Parts
#$Side sides (tangible things)
A specialization of #$Surface-Physical.
Each instance of #$Side is a surface of
some partially tangible object, and serves as a boundary
between the inside and outside of that object.
guid: c0f4873f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Surface-Physical
direct generalization of:
#$FrontSide #$BottomSide #$TopSide #$BackSide
#$TopSide tops
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all the entire top sides (as
conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct
#$Sides, one of
which faces up.
guid: bd58c4a5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Side
#$BottomSide undersides
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all the entire bottom sides (as
conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct
#$Sides, one of
which faces down.
guid: bd58d673-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Side
#$BackSide backs
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all the entire back sides (as
conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct
#$Sides, one of
which faces in the backwards direction.
guid: bd59048d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Side
#$FrontSide fronts
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all the entire front sides (as
conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct
#$Sides, one of
which faces in the frontwards direction.
guid: bd58f6a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Side
#$RightRegionFn right
region fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The function (RightRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a
region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting of
the right half or flank or right main portion of REGOROBJ.
It applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic
left/right orientation, or is part of a larger region or
object that has a left/right orientation.
guid: be8712f5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$Individual
#$LeftRegionFn left
region fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The function (LeftRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to a
region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting of
the left half or flank or left main portion of REGOROBJ. It
applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic
left/right orientation, or is part of a larger region or
object that has a left/right orientation.
guid: bf0b24fb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$Individual
#$PosteriorRegionFn posterior
region fn
An instance of #$PartialDenotationalFunction and #$ReifiableFunction.
When applied to an instance REGION of #$AnimalBodyRegion,
#$PosteriorRegionFn
returns the region consisting of the rear half or section,
or posterior main portion, of REGION. Note that #$PosteriorRegionFn
applies only when REGION itself has an intrinsic front/back
orientation, or is a (non-backward-facing) part of a larger
region or object that has a front/back orientation.
guid: be660582-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction
#$PartialDenotationalFunction #$Individual
#$AnteriorRegionFn anterior
region fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The function (AnteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied
to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the region consisting
of the front half or section, or the anterior main portion,
of REGOROBJ. It applies only when REGOROBJ itself has an
intrinsic front/back orientation, or is a
(non-backward-facing) part of a larger region or object that
has a front/back orientation.
guid: be6a5a9d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction
#$PartialDenotationalFunction #$Individual
#$surfaceParts surface parts
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$surfaceParts
BIG LITTLE) means that LITTLE is an external physical part
(see #$externalParts)
of a surface of BIG, or that LITTLE is a physical part of
BIG itself and a surface of LITTLE is part of a surface of
BIG. LITTLE is also something which 'does not go all the way
through' BIG. In other words, there is no line segment
spatially subsumed by LITTLE that goes from a point at the
surface of one side of BIG to a point of the surface on the
opposite side of BIG. Positive exemplars: the skin of an
orange is a #$surfaceParts of
the orange, a window of a house is a #$surfaceParts of
that house. Borderline positive exemplars: the inside
surface of a coffee cup is one of the #$surfaceParts of
the cup; the inside surface of a beer-can in some contexts
is a #$surfaceParts of
the can. Negative exemplars: the brain is not a #$surfaceParts of
a person. A person's head is also a negative exemplar of a
#$surfaceParts.
There is a line that can go, for example, from the front
side to the back side of that person.
guid: bd58d0ad-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$PhysicalPartPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$externalParts
#$physicallyContains
#$ExteriorRegionFn exterior
region fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The function (ExteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied
to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region
consisting of all the outer parts or sections of REGOROBJ,
or the exterior main portion of REGOROBJ. It applies when
REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic inside/outside orientation
(unlike, say, a loop of thread), but if REGOROBJ is an
enveloping part, surface membrane, ring or layer within or
on a larger region or object that has its own inside/outside
orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's outside portion
with respect to the inside and outside of the larger region
or object.
guid: bfc0e605-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$Individual
#$internalParts interior
(physical part predicate) (ordering relation)
(composition predicate)
A #$PhysicalPartPredicate
and a specialization of both #$physicalParts
and #$physicallyContains (qq.v.). (#$internalParts
OBJ PART) means that OBJ has PART as one of its internal
physical parts. That is, PART is totally inside OBJ and is
part of OBJ.
guid: bd58cf63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$PhysicalPartPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$physicalParts
#$physicallyContains
#$InteriorRegionFn interior
region fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The function (InteriorRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied
to a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region
consisting of the core or inner parts or sections of
REGOROBJ, or the interior main portion of REGOROBJ. It
applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic inside/outside
orientation (unlike, say, a loop of thread), but if REGOROBJ
is an enveloping part, surface membrane, ring or layer
within or on a larger region or object that has its own
inside/outside orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's
inside portion with respect to the inside and outside of the
larger region or object.
guid: c1555aff-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$Individual
#$MedialRegionFn medial
region fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The function (MedialRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to
a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting
of the center parts or middle section (near the mid-line) of
REGOROBJ, or the medial main portion of REGOROBJ as opposed
to the right and left portions. It applies when REGOROBJ
itself has an intrinsic right/left orientation (unlike, say,
a sphere), but if REGOROBJ is a part within a larger region
or object that has its own right/left orientation, the
function returns REGOROBJ's portion nearest the mid-line
(with respect to left and right) of the larger region or object.
guid: c0d7da87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction #$Individual
#$LateralRegionFn lateral
region fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The function (LateralRegionFn REGOROBJ), applied to
a region or object REGOROBJ, means the sub-region consisting
of the flanks or side parts or lateral main sections (away
from the mid-line) of REGOROBJ, or the lateral main areas of
REGOROBJ as opposed to the medial or middle area; the right
and left regions then both include parts of the lateral
regions. #$LateralRegionFn
applies when REGOROBJ itself has an intrinsic right/left
orientation (unlike, say, a sphere), but if REGOROBJ is a
part within a larger region or object that has its own
right/left orientation, the function returns REGOROBJ's
portions farthest from the mid-line (with respect to left
and right) of the larger region or object.
guid: bd662056-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AnimalPartRegionFunction
#$PartialDenotationalFunction #$Individual
Relative Positions Of Objects
#$spatiallyIntersects spatially intersects
(#$spatiallyIntersects
THING1 THING2) means that the spatial extent of the #$SpatialThing
THING1 overlaps the spatial extent of the #$SpatialThing
THING2. Note that spatial intersection doesn't imply that
THING1 and THING2 have any physical parts (see the predicate
#$physicalParts)
in common. For example, an instance of #$IntangibleIndividual,
such as a shadow, can spatially intersect an instance of #$PartiallyTangible,
such as a wall; in such a case, the instance of #$IntangibleIndividual
will obviously not share any physical part with the instance
of #$PartiallyTangible.
guid: bd58d895-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$near #$notFarFrom
#$perpendicularVectors perpendicular vectors
A specialization of #$disjointDirections. (#$perpendicularVectors
VECTOR1 VECTOR2) means that VECTOR1 is perpendicular (i.e.
at a 90-degree angle) to VECTOR2. For example, (#$perpendicularVectors
#$East-Directly
#$North-Directly) holds.
guid: bd5897ac-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$disjointDirections
#$perpendicularObjects perpendicular objects
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$perpendicularObjects
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that the longest axis of OBJ1 is
perpendicular to the longest axis of OBJ2.
guid: c0fb9dbe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated
#$parallelVectors parallel vectors
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$parallel that holds only
between #$VectorIntervals.
(#$parallelVectors
VECTOR1 VECTOR2) means that VECTOR1 is parallel to VECTOR2.
The vectors may either point in the same direction (see
#$sameDirection) or directly opposite directions (see #$oppositeDirection-Precise).
See also #$parallelObjects.
guid: c05262b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation
direct specialization of: #$parallel
#$parallelObjects parallel objects
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$parallelObjects
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that the lengthwise axes of OBJ1 and OBJ2
are parallel to each other.
guid: c0fbb94a-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of: #$parallel
#$spatiallyRelated
#$pointingToward pointing toward
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$pointingToward
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 has a pointing axis and that its
axis points toward OBJ2. A pointing axis is ascribed to
objects that have directionality (e.g., a gun, a projectile,
an arrow, an extended finger).
guid: bd58dfeb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$spatiallyRelated
#$directionBetweenObjects direction
between objects
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$directionBetweenObjects
OBJ1 OBJ2 UVI) means that UVI, an instance of #$UnitVectorInterval
, is a vector or set of vectors which point(s) from a point
(or set of points) in OBJ1 to a point (or set of points) in
OBJ2. See also #$VectorFromToFn
which is roughly interchangeable with #$directionBetweenObjects.
#$directionBetweenObjects
has the advantage that an arbitrarily precise direction may
be specified. #$VectorFromToFn
saves the user from doing the labor involved with reifying
and from having to know the direction between OBJ1 and OBJ2.
guid: bd5895b8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
#$VectorFromToFn vector
from to fn
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$VectorFromToFn
OBJ1 OBJ2) may be colloquially thought of as denoting the
range of directions which point from OBJ1 to OBJ2. More
formally, (#$VectorFromToFn
OBJ1 OBJ2) is a set of #$UnitVectorIntervals.
This set, UNIT-VECTOR-SET, is constructed as follows: A set
of vectors is constructed such that for every point P1 in
OBJ1 and every point P2 in OBJ2 there is a vector (see #$Vector-Precise)
with its origin at P1 and its terminus at P2. For every
vector in this set, there is a parallel unit vector in
UNIT-VECTOR-SET. For example, `the ball rolled towards
Mecca' could be represented as (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout
BallRolling01 (#$VectorFromToFn
Ball01 Mecca)). `a ball rolling away from Mecca' would be
represented as (#$directionOfTranslation-Throughout
BallRolling (#$VectorFromToFn
Mecca Ball)). Note that the interval includes vectors which
don't point in what is intuitively the direction in which
the ball is rolling, since, for example, some vectors point
from spots on the left side of the ball to spots on right
side of Mecca. Note further that (#$VectorFromToFn
OBJ REF) assumes that OBJ does not #$spatiallyIntersects
REF. See also #$directionBetweenObjects
which is roughly interchangeable with #$VectorFromToFn.
#$directionBetweenObjects
has the advantage that an arbitrarily precise direction may
be specified. #$VectorFromToFn
saves the user from doing the labor involved with reifying
and from having to know the direction between OBJ1 and OBJ2.).
guid: c079729e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$BinaryFunction #$IndividualDenotingFunction
#$ReifiableFunction
#$Individual
#$inFrontOf-Generally in
front of - generally
(#$inFrontOf-Generally
FORE AFT) means that FORE is in front of the tangible object
AFT. More precisely, the intrinsic back-to-front axis of AFT
is within 45 degrees of some line intersecting both FORE and
AFT. Note that FORE may be an intangible spatial object,
such as an image projected onto a screen.
guid: bd5909a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$near #$temporallyIntersects
#$inFrontOf-Directly in
front of - directly
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$inFrontOf-Directly
FORE AFT) means that FORE is directly in front of tangible
object AFT. More precisely, it implies both (#$inFrontOf-Generally
FORE AFT) and that there is at least one line parallel to
the forward pointing axis of AFT that intersects both FORE
and AFT. FORE may be an intangible, such as an image
projected onto a screen.
guid: bd59091d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$inFrontOf-Generally
#$behind-Generally behind
- generally
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$behind-Generally
AFT FORE) means that AFT is behind FORE. More precisely, a
line originating at the center of FORE projecting away from
the front side of FORE and parallel to the intrinsic
front-to-back axis of FORE forms an angle of less than 45
degrees with a line intersecting both AFT and FORE. AFT may
be intangible.
guid: bd58b405-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$near
#$behind-Directly behind
- directly
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$behind-Directly
AFT FORE) means that AFT is directly behind tangible object
FORE. More precisely, it implies both (#$behind-Generally
AFT FORE) and that there is at least one line parallel to
the backward pointing axis of FORE that intersects both AFT
and FORE. Note that FORE must have a back side. AFT may be
intangible, such as an image projected behind an actor on a stage.
guid: bd58b3c4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$behind-Generally
#$above-Directly above
- directly
(#$above-Directly
ABOVE BELOW) means either that (1) the volumetric center of
ABOVE is directly above some point of BELOW, if ABOVE is
smaller than BELOW; or that (2) some point of ABOVE is
directly above the volumetric center of BELOW, if ABOVE is
larger than, or equal in size to, BELOW.
guid: bd58fbde-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$above-Generally
#$above-Touching above
- touching
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$above-Touching
ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is located over BELOW and they
are touching. More precisely, it implies both (#$above-Directly
ABOVE BELOW) and that ABOVE #$touches BELOW.
Examples: a person sitting on a chair; coffee in a cup; a
boat on water; a hat on a head. (Note that not every point
of ABOVE must be higher than every point of BELOW.)
guid: bd58f620-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$above-Directly
#$touches
#$above-Overhead above
- overhead
(#$above-Overhead
ABOVE BELOW) means that ABOVE is directly above BELOW (see
the predicate #$above-Directly),
all points of ABOVE are higher than all points of BELOW, and
ABOVE and BELOW do _not_ touch.
guid: bd58b981-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$above-Directly
#$above-Higher above
- higher
(#$above-Higher
OBJ-A OBJ-B) means that OBJ-A is at a greater altitude (from
some common reference point) than OBJ-B. In terrestrial
contexts (see #$TerrestrialFrameOfReferenceMt), (#$above-Higher
OBJ-A OBJ-B) typically means that OBJ-A is at a greater
altitude above sea level (see the predicate
#$altitudeAboveSeaLevel) than OBJ-B.
guid: bf020f6c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of: #$spatiallyDisjoint
#$above-Generally above
- generally
(#$above-Generally
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that the #$SpatialThing-Localized OBJ1 is
more or less above the #$SpatialThing-Localized OBJ2. To be
more precise: if OBJ1 is within a cone-shaped set of vectors
within about 45 degrees of #$Up-Directly
pointing up from OBJ2 (see #$Up-Generally),
then (#$above-Generally
OBJ1 OBJ2) holds. This is a more general predicate than #$above-Directly
(q.v.), but it is a more specialized predicate than #$above-Higher
(q.v.). It probably most closely conforms to the English
word above.
guid: be69c623-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$above-Higher
#$surroundsCompletely surrounded
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$surroundsCompletely
OUTSIDE INSIDE) means that OUTSIDE completely surrounds
INSIDE. In other words, all rays with origins at INSIDE pass
through OUTSIDE by default (with some exceptions). OUTSIDE
is not a part of INSIDE (or vice versa). Holes in OUTSIDE
are permitted. Examples: a candy bar inside its wrapper; the
body of a pregnant mammalian female containing a foetus; a
fish in water.
guid: bd589a41-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$surroundsHorizontally
#$surrounds-3D
#$surroundsHorizontally surrounds horizontally
(#$surroundsHorizontally
OUTSIDE INSIDE) means that OUTSIDE surrounds a horizontal
cross-section of INSIDE. That is, there is some horizontal
cross-section of INSIDE such that all rays drawn
horizontally from points in that cross-section pass through
OUTSIDE, and along each of those rays there are points which
are in OUTSIDE but not in INSIDE. Note that (#$surroundsHorizontally
OUTSIDE INSIDE) is _not_ true if INSIDE shares a boundary
with OUTSIDE; for example, Texas is not surrounded by the
USA. Positive cases: water surrounds islands, and foothills
may surround a mountain range. See also #$surroundsCompletely.
guid: c0f2a0c3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of: #$surrounds-2D
Proximity And Location
#$near nearby object
(relative locational predicate) (locational
predicate) (symmetric binary predicate)
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
This intentionally-vague predicate relates spatial
things that are relatively near each other. (#$near THIS THAT)
means that the distance between THIS and THAT is such that
-- given the situation at hand and the sorts of things that
THIS and THAT are -- they would be considered near each
other by most observers. Note that an object is #$near itself, anything
it touches, and any part of itself. When appropriate, use a
more precisely-defined predicate such as #$nearToDegree,
#$nearRelativeTo, #$nearForRolesInEventType,
#$nearnessForRolesInEventType, #$touchesDirectly,
or #$physicalParts.
guid: c0fbad76-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$notFarFrom
#$adjacentTo adjacent to
(#$adjacentTo
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are touching, and that
their region of contact is (at least for practical purposes,
relative to the objects' dimensions and shapes) a line (i.e.
the contact region is not a point, though the line of
contact might actually have some height). Moreover, OBJ1 is
neither mostly above nor mostly below OBJ2. Positive
examples: adjacent squares on a chessboard, bordering
countries, a connected pair of puzzle pieces. Negative
examples: diagonally touching squares on a chessboard, a
geographical region and the air directly above it, one block
stacked on top of another.
guid: bd5904a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate
#$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$touches
#$touches touching an object
(#$touches THIS
THAT) means that THIS and THAT are in contact, either
directly or indirectly. Two spatial things are directly in
contact just in case there is nothing between them; to
indicate that such a situation obtains between two spatial
things, use the predicate #$touchesDirectly,
a specialization of #$touches. Two
spatial things touch indirectly if there is only a very thin
object or substance between them. `Very thin' means that the
distance between the surfaces of the two spatial things is
very much less than the distance between their center
points. Some examples of #$touches include an
airplane touches the air around it; my feet touch the floor
(even though I am wearing shoes); a blanket touches the
person sleeping under it (even if there is a sheet); a
hovercraft touches the water (even though a cushion of air
is between it and the water).
guid: bd590568-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$near
#$touchesDirectly touches directly
(#$touchesDirectly
THIS THAT) means that THIS and THAT are in direct physical
contact. That is, there exists a region on THIS and a region
on THAT such that the distance between the surfaces of those
regions is zero.
guid: bd5889ba-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate
#$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$touches
#$PhysicalContactSituation situations
involving physical contact
The collection of all temporal situations in which
two or more tangible objects are touching (see #$touches) for at
least part of the situation's duration. This includes an
object's rubbing against another, objects colliding, as well
as static touching configurations. Note that, although most
types of #$PhysicalEvents
involve some kind of touching, only those types for which
contact is salient should be subcollections of #$PhysicalContactSituation.
guid: bfffa642-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$TemporalStuffType
direct specialization of: #$Situation-Temporal
direct generalization of:
#$AnimalWalkingProcess
#$ContinuousPhysicalContactSituation #$PhysicalContactEvent
#$on-Physical on
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$on-Physical
OVER UNDER) means that the object OVER is above, supported
by, and touching the object UNDER. OVER and UNDER may be at
rest or in motion, or one may be in motion and the other at
rest (relative to it). Examples: a person on a bicycle;
groceries on a checkout conveyor belt; a statue on a
pedestal. Note that only #$touches (and not
#$touchesDirectly)
is implied.
guid: bd58b498-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$supportedBy
#$above-Touching
#$supportedBy supported by
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$supportedBy
OBJECT SUPPORT) means that SUPPORT is at least partially
responsible for holding OBJECT up and maintaining its
vertical position. If SUPPORT were to be removed, then
(everything else being equal) either OBJECT would fall or at
least part of OBJECT would move downward. See also
#$supportedObject, #$supportingObject, and #$SupportingSomething.
guid: bd5901fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$securedBy
#$supportedBy-Contributing
#$suspendedIn object
suspended in a fluid
(#$suspendedIn
OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is fully immersed in FLUID (see #$in-ImmersedFully),
and FLUID provides (via fluid dynamics) a significant
supporting or upward force on OBJ so that OBJ does not
undergo rapid falling.
guid: bd5899ec-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$in-ImmersedFully
#$hangsAround hangs around
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$hangsAround
LOOP OBJ) means that LOOP is a semi-flexible loop, looped
around a piece of OBJ. LOOP is supported by gripping
friction and/or LOOP's limited ability to elongate as it
moves down on OBJ. See also #$hangsFrom.
guid: c0fbb11f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of: #$connectedTo-Directly
#$surrounds-2D #$hangsFrom
#$hangsFrom hanged
(#$hangsFrom OBJ1
OBJ2) means that OBJ1 is suspended from OBJ2, either
directly touching it (like a weight attached to a line) or
through some intermediary object (like a weight suspended
from the ceiling via a hook). All of OBJ1's weight is #$supportedBy
OBJ2. Most, if not all, of OBJ1 is below OBJ2; certainly,
the center of OBJ1 is below the connection point. If pushed,
OBJ1 will undergo an instance of #$Swinging (q.v.).
guid: c0fbb177-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$touches #$supportedBy
#$inRegion in region
This is a general locative predicate that has a
diverse group of specializations. (#$inRegion OBJ1
OBJ2) means, roughly, that OBJ1 is located at or in OBJ2.
OBJ1 might or might not be a part (see #$parts) of OBJ2. Certain
important specializations (and inverse-specializations) of
#$inRegion,
however, differ on this point. To take three examples:
#$spatiallySubsumes is noncommital on the parthood issue, #$objectFoundInLocation
implies that the object is _not_ a part of the location ,
while #$physicalDecompositions
is a specialization of #$parts.
guid: bd58d70c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of: #$notFarFrom
#$geographicalSubRegions geographical subregion
(#$geographicalSubRegions
SUPER SUB) means that SUPER and SUB are both elements of #$GeographicalRegion,
and the area SUB lies wholly within the region SUPER (see #$inRegion). SUPER
may or may not completely surround SUB, as they may share an
outer boundary (e.g., the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica
and #$Texas-State in the #$WorldGeographyDualistMt). Note
that, if either argument to #$geographicalSubRegions
is an instance of #$GeopoliticalEntity,
the assertion must be made in #$WorldGeographyDualistMt or a
specMt thereof. To relate two instances of #$GeopoliticalEntity,
use the predicate #$geopoliticalSubdivision, if it applies.
See also #$surroundsHorizontally
and #$bordersOn.
guid: bd58cd89-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ReflexiveBinaryPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$PhysicalPartPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$physicalParts
#$subRegions #$spatiallySubsumes #$onSamePlanetSurfaceAs
#$objectFoundInLocation location
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$objectFoundInLocation
OBJ LOC) means that OBJ has the location LOC. OBJ is not a
part of LOC. Examples: the #$ArcDeTriomphe is located in the
#$CityOfParisFrance; the #$AlaskanPipeline is found in
#$Alaska-State; the #$TownOfGettysburgPA is located in the
Eastern region of Pennsylvania (note that the town's
territory is part of Pennsylvania, but the town as a social
organization is distinct). See also the #$comment on #$inRegion. Cf.,
for cases where OBJ is a spatial part of LOC, #$physicalDecompositions,
#$geographicalSubRegions.
guid: bd58d0e4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$inRegion
#$permanentLocationOfObject
#$locationState-Coll location
state - coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$locationState OBJ LOC-TYPE) means that OBJ is in
the kind of location indicated by LOC-TYPE. #$locationState
is used to represent useful general information about an
object's location--e.g., whether it is airborne, outdoors,
indoors, etc.--without having to identify (or reify) the
location itself.
guid: 057db0f2-7f00-11d6-8000-0001023560cc
direct instance of: #$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$isa
#$LocationStateAttribute-Coll location
state attribute - coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
A specialization of #$AttributeValue.
Each instance of #$LocationStateAttribute is an attribute of
an object which indicates the nature of that object's location.
guid: 4fa55648-74b1-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of: #$CollectionType
direct specialization of:
#$Collection
#$inPlane in plane
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$inPlane OBJ
SURFACE) means that OBJ spatially intersects with the
#$FlatSurface SURFACE.
guid: bd588683-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$spatiallyIntersects
#$onLine on line
(#$onLine
OBJ LINE) means that OBJ is an object or region (an instance
of #$SpatialThing)
with one or more dimensions much smaller than the length of
the #$Line LINE, and
OBJ #$spatiallyIntersects
or touches LINE but does not include all of LINE. One object
can be on several different #$Lines. See also #$onPath.
guid: bd58f0b7-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$spatiallyIntersects
#$onPath on path
(#$onPath
THING PATH) means that THING is located along (on or
adjacent to) the #$Path-Generic
PATH. THING could be a moving object, or it could be a
stationary point (in the latter case, see the more specific
predicate #$pointOnPath).
For example, Saint Louis, Missouri was #$onPath U.S. Route
66, as was Missouri, any car driving along Route 66, and any
lamp-post alongside it.
guid: c10b5746-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$pointOnPath point
on simple path
A specialization of the predicate #$onPath that relates
a simple path (see #$Path-Simple)
to any point on that path. (#$pointOnPath
POINT PATH) means that POINT is a point along PATH. That is,
POINT is on PATH but cannot move along PATH (even if it
could move in some other sense). It might or might not be
the case that POINT, or some part of it, is a part of PATH.
POINT is not a subpath (see #$subPaths)
of PATH; it is not something that is on PATH only
occasionally (such as something moving along or stopped on
PATH); and it is does not have PATH as a part (e.g.
Washington DC is not a point on its own Pennsylvania
Avenue). Note that the relative positions of points on a
path do not in general form a linear order (see #$TotalOrdering)
unless the points and the path are part of a particular #$PathSystem.
For example, if no path system is specified, both Austin and
Texas can be veiwed as points on Interstate 35.
guid: c0408997-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$pointOnPath-Generic
#$trajectoryPassesThrough thing
passed through (actor slot) (role) (extensional
representation predicate)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$trajectoryPassesThrough
MOVE LOC) means that the #$trajectory-Complete
of the #$Translation-SingleTrajectory
MOVE passes through LOC, which is an instance of
#$SpatialThing-Localized, and thus can be a location, a
portal, a river, a path, the equator, etc. More formally,
the #$objectMoving
which undergoes MOVE from the #$fromLocation to
the #$toLocation
passes through LOC. Here `passes through LOC' means that the
#$objectMoving
OBJ both arrives in and leaves LOC. Thus, LOC can not be a
super region of any #$fromLocation
nor any #$toLocations of
MOVE. Otherwise it would be possible to state (#$trajectoryPassesThrough
TripToTheStore01 TheUniverse). On the other hand, LOC can be
a sub region of some #$toLocation or
some #$fromLocation.
guid: bfd6faea-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$nonDeliberateActors
#$traversalPassesThrough traversal
passes through
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$traversalPassesThrough
TRAV POINT) means that POINT is a point that the #$Traversal
TRAV passes through. Note that when TRAV passes through
POINT, POINT cannot be a mere endpoint of TRAV. This means
that a traversal does not pass through its starting point if
it does not go back to the point and then leave it, nor does
it pass through its ending point if it does not meet the
point twice.
guid: c14db0b9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
Betweenness
#$betweenOnPath item
between two others on some path
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$betweenOnPath
X Y Z PATH) means that X, Y and Z are points on the path
PATH and X is between Y and Z. Note that this gives no
ordering of Y and Z; it just claims that X is between them.
Note: Given a #$Path-Customary
PATH and points or places on PATH, #$betweenOnPath
does not always determine a linear order (#$TotalOrdering)
on the set of all points on PATH when PATH is not part of a
specified #$PathSystem
(since one thing on such a path -- #$onPath PATH -- may
be part of another). However, in a specified #$PathSystem
SYS, #$betweenOnPath
does determine a linear order on the set of all points on
PATH in SYS.
guid: c0e50f87-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate
#$pathBetween path
between the specified paths
(#$pathBetween
PATH X Y) means that the #$Path-Simple
PATH goes between points (or places) X and Y, where X and Y
do not 'overlap', and no further. Both X and Y have to be on
PATH (see #$pointOnPath).
Note that (#$pathBetween
PATH X Y) is more specific than (#$pathConnects
PATH X Y) because here the PATH cannot extend beyond X and
Y. Within a particular #$PathSystem,
a path's end points in the system are unique, and #$pathBetweenInSystem
(q.v.) is restricted to paths and points in the system. When
considered without a context of a path system, a path may
have several different places at one end, such as Austin and
Texas both being at the same end of some path along Highway I-35.
guid: c065f088-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$pathConnects
#$pathBetweenInSystem path
between in system
(#$pathBetweenInSystem
PATH X Y SYS) means that PATH is a path in the #$PathSystem
SYS, and X and Y are the end points (in the #$PathSystem)
of PATH. If PATH is a link of the system (see #$linkInSystem),
(#$pathBetweenInSystem
PATH X Y SYS) iff (#$linkBetweenInSystem
PATH X Y SYS). Note that there can be multiple paths in SYS
between the same two points in SYS (which may or may not be
nodes in SYS; see #$nodeInSystem).
See also #$pathBetween
when no #$PathSystem
is specified.
guid: c0e14545-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate
#$SubPathBetweenFn sub
path between
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
Given a path PATH and different points X and Y on
it, (#$SubPathBetweenFn
PATH X Y) gives a unique subpath SUB of PATH that is between
X and Y. This function should not be used without the
context of a #$PathSystem
because only with the reference to a path system can we be
certain about the existence of such a subpath (e.g., Austin
and Texas are different points on I-35, but there is no
subpath of I35 that is between Austin and Texas). To put
this in another way, let SYS be any path system. If PATH is
a path in SYS and X and Y are different points in SYS and
are also points on PATH, (#$SubPathBetweenFn
PATH X Y) is the only subpath (in SYS) of PATH that is
between X and Y. See #$pathInSystem.
Note that this function is not defined on the cartesian
product #$Path-Simple
x #$Thing x #$Thing, but on a
proper subset of it.
guid: c08712ed-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$TernaryFunction
#$PartialDenotationalFunction #$Individual
#$linkBetweenInSystem link
between in system
(#$linkBetweenInSystem
LINK X Y SYS) means that in the #$PathSystem
SYS, the #$Path-Simple
LINK (a link in SYS, so that (#$linkInSystem
LINK SYS) holds) has as its two end points X and Y (nodes in
SYS, so that both (#$nodeInSystem
X SYS) and (#$nodeInSystem
Y SYS) hold). Since LINK connects the two end points X and Y
when (#$linkBetweenInSystem
LINK X Y SYS) holds, (#$linkBetweenInSystem
LINK X Y SYS) implies (#$pathBetween
LINK X Y). A link in a path system is a path whose end
points are nodes in the system, and which has no other nodes
along it (although it may have any number of non-node points
along it). For each link LINK in SYS, there is a unique pair
{X, Y} of different nodes in SYS such that (#$linkBetweenInSystem
LINK X Y SYS) and (#$linkBetweenInSystem
LINK Y X SYS) hold, and for any two nodes in SYS, there
could be several different ('parallel') links between them.
No point in SYS that is not a node can be an end point of a
link. Only a node in SYS can be an 'intersection' point in
SYS (see #$junctionInSystem),
which implies that there is, in the system SYS, no point on
a link LINK between X and Y that is an 'intersection' point
of LINK and another link or a loop.
guid: be07a2f8-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$pathBetweenInSystem
#$nodeCutSetBetweenInSystem node
cut set between in system
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$nodeCutSetBetweenInSystem
SET X Y SYS) means that SET is a node-cut-set in the #$ConnectedPathSystem
SYS, and that the points X and Y in SYS are disconnected in
the subsystem of SYS obtained by cutting all nodes in SET
from SYS. More strictly, (#$nodeCutSetBetweenInSystem
SET X Y SYS) is true if and only if (#$nodeCutSetInSystem
SET SYS) is true and (#$connectedInSystem
X Y (#$LinksCut-SubSystemFn
SYS SET)) is false.
guid: c089e511-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate
#$linkCutSetBetweenInSystem link
cut set between in system
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$linkCutSetBetweenInSystem
SET X Y SYS) means that SET is a link-cut-set in the #$ConnectedPathSystem
SYS, and that the points X and Y in SYS are disconnected in
the subsystem of SYS obtained by cutting all links in SET
from SYS. More strictly, (#$linkCutSetBetweenInSystem
SET X Y SYS) is true if and only if (#$linkCutSetInSystem
SET SYS) is true and (#$connectedInSystem
X Y (#$LinksCut-SubSystemFn
SYS SET)) is false.
guid: c0a7846b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate
#$cutNodeBetweenInSystem cut
node between in system
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$cutNodeBetweenInSystem
NODE X Y SYS) means that NODE is a node somewhere between
the points X and Y in the #$ConnectedPathSystem
SYS, the removal of which would leave X and Y in
disconnected components. That is to say, (#$cutNodeBetweenInSystem
NODE X Y SYS) holds if and only if (#$nodeCutSetBetweenInSystem
(#$TheSet NODE) X
Y SYS) holds.
guid: c10cf0a0-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate
#$cutLinkBetweenInSystem cut
link between in system
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$cutLinkBetweenInSystem
LINK X Y SYS) means that LINK is a link somewhere between
the points X and Y in the #$ConnectedPathSystem
SYS, the removal of which would leave X and Y in
disconnected components. That is to say, (#$cutLinkBetweenInSystem
LINK X Y SYS) holds if and only if (#$linkCutSetBetweenInSystem
(#$TheSet LINK) X
Y SYS) holds.
guid: beda4976-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$QuaternaryPredicate
In
#$in-ImmersedGeneric in
- immersed generic
A #$SpatialPredicate
that is a specialization of #$touches and (via
#$genlInverse) #$surroundsHorizontally.
(#$in-ImmersedGeneric
OBJ FLUID) means that OBJ is immersed in FLUID. OBJ might be
completely or partially immersed in FLUID, but FLUID must
touch OBJ and must conform to a significant portion of the
surface of OBJ. See also the specializations #$in-ImmersedFully
and #$in-ImmersedPartly.
guid: c0fbad6e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$touches
#$in-ImmersedPartly in
- immersed partly
(#$in-ImmersedPartly
OBJ FLUID) means that a portion of OBJ is immersed in FLUID,
but OBJ is not completely surrounded by FLUID.
guid: bd58993f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$in-ImmersedGeneric
#$in-ImmersedFully in
- immersed fully
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$in-ImmersedFully
OBJ FLUID) means that FLUID is the unique fluid in which OBJ
is completely immersed. Thus, as a default inference, every
outside surface region of OBJ #$touches FLUID.
E.g., (live) fish are fully immersed in water, and people
are usually immersed in air (even though the bottoms of
their feet touch the ground and not the air). Examples like
air bubbles in water or mercury globules immersed in air
suggest that the #$arg1Isa should
be kept general, i.e., #$PartiallyTangible
rather than #$SolidTangibleThing.
guid: bd58bf2d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AntiTransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$objectFoundInLocation
#$in-ImmersedGeneric
#$in-Floating in - floating
(#$in-Floating
OBJ LIQUID) means that the #$SolidTangibleThing
OBJ is floating on the surface of the #$LiquidTangibleThing
LIQUID. Thus, (#$in-Floating
OBJ LIQUID) implies that OBJ is buoyant and that OBJ is
partly immersed (see the predicate #$in-ImmersedPartly)
in LIQUID.
guid: c0fba290-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$above-Touching
#$in-ImmersedPartly
#$in-Embedded in - embedded
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$in-Embedded
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that some portion of OBJ1 is embedded in
OBJ2 at least semi-permanently. OBJ1 is thus #$connectedTo
OBJ2. The remaining portion of OBJ1 is not embedded in OBJ2.
The #$in-Embedded
relationship comes about during the formation of OBJ1 or
OBJ2. Examples: grass in the ground, hair in the scalp, or
eyes in sockets. Also, OBJ1 is not beneath the surface of OBJ2.
guid: bd590b63-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of: #$sticksInto
#$connectedAtContact #$aligned
#$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic
#$in-Spiked in - spiked
(#$in-Spiked SPIKE
OBJ) means that SPIKE, an object with at least one sharp
end, is lodged in OBJ, so that (#$in-Lodged SPIKE OBJ)
holds. Moreover, SPIKE is lodged in OBJ because a sharp end
of SPIKE has pierced OBJ. For example, #$in-Spiked would
hold between a tack lodged in a wall or a nail driven into a
two-by-four. Typically, the rigid connection between OBJ and
SPIKE can support forces substantially greater than the
weight of SPIKE.
guid: bd58f450-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of: #$in-Lodged
#$in-ContGeneric in
- cont generic
(#$in-ContGeneric
OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained, confined, or held in
CONT. OBJ is not a part of CONT. CONT has a cavity (see
#$CavityWithWalls) and OBJ is at least partly within (see #$spatiallyIntersects)
the interior of this cavity. If CONT moves, OBJ is, by
default, caused to move so as to remain within that cavity
(see #$movesWith). If OBJ leaves the confines of CONT, then
either OBJ passes through some appropriately sized portal of
CONT, or OBJ breaks into smaller pieces that themselves pass
through appropriately sized portals of CONT, or OBJ breaks
through a wall of CONT. CONT may function as an open or
closed container with respect to objects of the size of OBJ.
If CONT is closed with respect to OBJ, then #$in-ContClosed
is the preferred more specific predicate. If CONT is open
with respect to OBJ, #$in-ContOpen is
preferred. If OBJ is a fluid which completely fills CONT
(for example, a cup of coffee brimming over) then #$in-ContFullOf
is more precise.
guid: bd589405-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of: #$movesWith
#$spatiallyDisjoint #$objectFoundInLocation
#$in-ContOpen in -
cont open
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$in-ContOpen
OBJ CONT) means that OBJ is contained in CONT -- CONT
confines or holds OBJ in -- but OBJ can be removed from CONT
without having to either A) open any portals in CONT B)
break some part of CONT or C) break OBJ into smaller pieces
such that it can fit through some portal of CONT's. Note
that (#$in-ContOpen
OBJ CONT) is a relationship based on the size of OBJ and the
largest portal of CONT that OBJ might be able to traverse
through. For example, a paperclip might be #$in-ContOpen a
jail cell even though the person locked inside would be #$in-ContClosed
the jail cell. This is because the paper clip is small
enough to fit in between the bars of the cell whereas the
person is not. See #$portalState for vocabulary relating
containers to whether its portals are open or closed.
guid: bd58bc57-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$in-ContGeneric
#$in-ContClosed in
- cont closed
(#$in-ContClosed
OBJ CONT) means that #$PartiallyTangible
OBJ is completely contained within one or more cavities
within #$SolidTangibleThing
CONT, and that it is not possible for OBJ to leave CONT as
an object without either the opening of a portal in CONT or
the non-standard significant deformation of OBJ or CONT.
CONT need not have a portal. Parts of OBJ may extend out
through portals in CONT. If OBJ can temporarily undergo (a
not-too forceful) shape deformation in order to fit through
a portal in CONT, then OBJ is not #$in-ContClosed
with respect to CONT. Positive examples include water in a
bottle with a closed cap; a person in a closed jail cell
sticking his arms through the bars; King Kong in a flimsy
cage; a model of a ship in a bottle (where the model must be
disassembled to force it out); egg yolk in an egg shell.
Negative examples include a morsel of bread in a prison cell
(morsels are small enough to leave the cell by passing in
between the bars of the cell -- use #$in-ContOpen);
an egg yolk in an egg -- use #$internalParts;
water in an open bottle (the necessary deformation is not
forceful). A positive borderline example is a skinny person
in a jail cell who could just barely manage to squeeze
through the bars (the necessary deformations, although
self-imposed, would be abnormal and unexpected). A negative
borderline example is a spelunker who has crawled through a
narrow passage into a cave (the deformations needed to get
in (and therefore out) were self-imposed and not abnormal).
guid: bd589fe3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of: #$in-ContCompletely
#$in-ContFullOf in
- cont full of
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$in-ContFullOf
STUFF CONT) means that STUFF is the substance that fills the
cavity/cavities of CONT. STUFF is unique in that it is the
only substance that `fills' the cavity, even though other
things may be within CONT (e.g., as #$in-ContGeneric).
Filling the container means that the inside surface of CONT
touches the filling STUFF at virtually all points of CONT's
inner surface, rather than touching whatever stuff CONT
itself is immersed in and which CONT's outside surface
touches (e.g., air). The only thing which can override this
#$touches
(i.e., get alongside CONT's inside wall without being STUFF)
would be some other object which is also in CONT (e.g., with
#$in-ContGeneric).
In order to fill the container, STUFF must be #$Pourable or
have a shape which conforms to the shape of CONT's cavity.
Cf. #$in-ContGeneric
to cover cases of stuff which is in a container without
filling it.
guid: c0fbb0f9-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of: #$in-ContCompletely
#$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic
#$in-Held in - held
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$in-Held OBJ
HOLDER) means that #$SolidTangibleThing
OBJ is being held or restrained by the #$HolderGripper
HOLDER, which is touching and applying pressure to OBJ.
HOLDER may be either a device used (see #$deviceUsed)
or an anatomical part used (see #$anatomicalPartTypeAffected)
in an instance of #$HoldingAnObject; in either case, OBJ
would be the #$objectActedOn.
Examples include salad held by tongs, a bread crumb in ant's
pincers, a bird in a hand, and a long two-by-four in a vice.
guid: c0fbab6c-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AntiSymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$in-ContGeneric
#$touches
#$in-Snugly in - snugly
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$in-Snugly INNER
OUTER) means that INNER is #$in-ContGeneric
OUTER, that INNER #$touches OUTER, and
that a #$FrictionProcess would be necessary for a #$RemovingSomething
in which INNER is the #$objectMoving
and OUTER is the #$fromLocation.
guid: bde589f6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$in-ContGeneric
#$touches
#$in-Permeates in
- permeates
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$in-Permeates
LIQUID SOLID) means that LIQUID permeates SOLID. LIQUID must
be separable from SOLID by physical, not chemical means.
LIQUID must be a #$LiquidTangibleThing,
and SOLID a #$SolidTangibleThing.
If LIQUID is not a constituent (#$constituents)
of SOLID, then SOLID is #$Porous. Exemplars include water
permeating a wet sponge (Sponge-CleaningImplement), #$Oil
soaking a sponge, or water in #$Soil-Generic. Negative
exemplars include vapor suspended in #$Air (see, e.g. #$suspendingFluid
or #$solute) .
Other negative exemplars include liquids which undergo a
chemical change and combine with some other substance, e.g.
water which becomes a chemical part of plant material in photosynthesis.
guid: c08a9a06-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$InterExistingObjectPredicate
direct specialization of: #$spatiallySubsumes #$objectFoundInLocation
#$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic
#$in-Among in - among
(#$in-Among OBJ
GROUP) means that the #$PartiallyTangible
OBJ is physically located within the tangible #$Group GROUP. OBJ may
(but need not) be a member of GROUP. OBJ is spatially
distinct (see the predicate #$spatiallyDisjoint) from any
(other) group-member of GROUP. Examples: a bird in the
branches of a tree would be #$in-Among those
branches, and a zebra in its herd would be #$in-Among that herd.
guid: c0fbb064-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$objectFoundInLocation
Connections
#$connectedTo connection
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$connectedTo
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are (directly or
indirectly) physically attached in a way that allows at most
only limited types of relative motion between them. A hinged
connection, for example, allows limited rotational motion
between OBJ1 and OBJ2. OBJ1 and OBJ2 must be in a #$Solid-StateOfMatter.
In many cases, being #$connectedTo
implicitly involves another object(s); e.g. a door is #$connectedTo a
door frame by a hinge, which is itself
#$connectedTo-Directly (q.v.) both the door and the frame.
guid: bd590527-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ConnectionPredicate
#$CoEquivalenceBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of: #$movesWith
#$spatiallyRelated
#$continuouslyConnectedTo continuously
connected to
(#$continuouslyConnectedTo
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are #$PartiallyTangibles
which are directly and almost seamlessly connected (e.g.
they are formed from the same chunk of material, with no
substantial barrier or surface or gap separating them.).
guid: bd589fde-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$PhysicalFeatureDescribingPredicate
#$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$CoEquivalenceBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic
#$connectedTo-Rigidly connected
to - rigidly
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$connectedTo-Rigidly
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are joined so that no
relative motion between them can occur at the point of
connection unless the connection is severed by breakage of
some part of the connected objects or by disassembly of the
connection. Further, no relative motion between the contact
surfaces of OBJ1 nor OBJ2 may occur. Thus, if a nail is
rigidly connected to a board, the only way for that
relationship to no longer hold is if the nail is pulled out
of the hole (e.g. by a hammer or crowbar) or if the nail or
board is broken in a critical location. Note that (#$connectedTo-Rigidly
OBJ1 OBJ2) does admit cases in which OBJ1 or OBJ2 undergo
plastic deformation. For example, consider the case of a
disc rigidly connected via glue (see #$gluedTo) to a rubber
sheet. The rubber sheet and disc may undergo significant
relative motion. Both of the connected objects are solid.
guid: bd58a606-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of: #$connectedTo-Directly
#$connectedTo-SemiRigidly connected
to - semi rigidly
A #$ConnectionPredicate and thus a specialization
of #$connectedTo.
(#$connectedTo-SemiRigidly
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is a physical connection between
OBJ1 and OBJ2 that is flexibile enough to permit limited
(and only limited) movement of OBJ1 and/or OBJ2 around the
point of connection. Positive examples include a front cover
hinged to the spine of a book (see #$flapHingedTo) and the
gall bladder's attachment to the liver. Negative examples
include a wheel's connection to its axle and a door hinged
to a door frame; in both cases the freedom of movement
derives from geometrical or mechanical properties of the
objects and their connectors, rather than from the flexibity
of the connected objects. Note that all flexible connections
place some limit on the freedom of relative motion they
allow. An extreme example (in the more free direction) is
the connection between the propeller and fuselage of a
rubberband-powered toy airplane.
guid: c1007845-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$connectedTo
#$rotationallyConnectedTo rotationally
connected to
A #$ConnectionPredicate (q.v.) and thus a
specialization of #$connectedTo.
(#$rotationallyConnectedTo
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are connected in such a
way that rotational motion, and only rotational motion, can
happen between them. The range of rotational motion possible
might be full or partial. Non-rotational movement between
two rotationally connected objects can occur only if the
connection is broken, deformed, or disassembled. If OBJ1 and
OBJ2 do rotate relative to one another, then this may be due
to sliding of their surfaces, articulation of some joint
part, or deformation of OBJ1 or OBJ2 (so long as that
deformation only allows rotation between OBJ1 and OBJ2).
Positive examples: Femurs are rotationally connected to
hips, doors are rotationally connected to door frames,
doorknobs are rotationally connected to doors, and
propellers are rotationally connected to airplanes; in
computer trackballs the ball is rotationally connected to
the housing. Also a book cover is rotationally connected to
its binding (but #$flapHingedTo is even more appropriate for
describing such a connection because it is more specific).
Negative examples: a planet orbiting a star (they are not
connected; cf. #$MovingInACircle) and a toothpick stuck in a
person's leg (although elastic deformation of flesh allows
there to be rotational motion between toothpick and leg, it
also may allow a small amount of translational motion to
occur between them; #$in-Lodged is more appropriate for
describing this case).
guid: bd58b50b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$connectedTo
#$hingedTo hinged to
(#$hingedTo OBJ1
OBJ2) means that there is some hinge connecting OBJ1 and
OBJ2, allowing limited rotational motion (but no other sort
of relative motion) between OBJ1 and OBJ2. The connecting
hinge may be part of OBJ1, part of OBJ2, or separate from
both OBJ1 and OBJ2. Note that (#$hingedTo OBJ1
OBJ2) implies that some edge of OBJ1 adjoins some edge of OBJ2.
guid: bd58c7a2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate #$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$rotationallyConnectedTo
#$screwedTo screwed to
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$screwedTo OBJ1
OBJ2) means that a screw holds OBJ1 to OBJ2. There is a hole
in OBJ1 and the screw's threads have grabbed onto OBJ2. The
screw does not go all the way through OBJ2. The connector is
an element of #$Screw-TheConnector. Depending upon the type
of screw and style of attachment, the head of the screw may
be recessed into, flush with, or raised above the side of OBJ1.
guid: bd59041f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of: #$alignedAlongSurface #$fastenedTo
#$fastenedTo fastened to
(#$fastenedTo
OBJ1 OBJ2) means that there is an assembly consisting of
OBJ1, OBJ2, and one or more fasteners configured so that
OBJ1 and OBJ2 are rigidly connected. The fasteners in
question may be (among other things) screws, nails, rivets,
nuts and bolts, or staples. The fasteners penetrate all the
way through at least one of the objects (either OBJ1 or
OBJ2) and may or may not go all the way through the other
object. Examples: a utility shelf screwed into the wall;
paper notices stapled to a bulletin board; shingles nailed
to the roof of a house.
guid: bd58eba2-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$touchesDirectly-Apartanomic #$connectedViaConnector
#$connectedTo-Rigidly
#$stuckTo stuck to
(#$stuckTo OBJ1
OBJ2) means that either OBJ1 or OBJ2 has a surface or
surfaces covered with some adhesive material, and OBJ1 and
OBJ2 are held together by that adhesive material. Moreover,
the adhesive force holding OBJ1 and OBJ2 together is at
least strong enough to support the whole weight of (the
lighter of) OBJ1 or OBJ2. Note that if a third object (such
as glue) supplies the adhesive force holding OBJ1 and OBJ2
together, or if OBJ1 or OBJ2 were acted on non-trivially
(e.g., by welding, not simply contact or pressure), then
#$bondedTo (or one of its specializations), rather than #$stuckTo, would
relate OBJ1 and OBJ2.
guid: bd58f0a1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$near
#$sheetSurfaceConnected sheet
surface connected
(#$sheetSurfaceConnected
SHEET OBJECT) means that SHEET is connected over most of one
of its surfaces to a surface of OBJECT. For example, #$sheetSurfaceConnected
would hold between the two parts of a bi-layer membrane. The
sheet(s) may be flexible, but the surface connection is firm
(i.e., no sliding can occur without a separation, tearing,
or breaking occurring).
guid: c0a8974b-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of: #$covers-Sheetlike
#$connectedAlongSurface
#$endToEndConnected end
to end connected
A #$ConnectionPredicate and specialization of
#$connectedAtEnd (q.v.) that relates tangible paths (see #$Path-Simple)
that are connected end-to-end. (#$endToEndConnected
PATH1 PATH2) means that one end of PATH1 is connected to one
end of another PATH2, in such a way that they share no
subpaths and that flow or transport is allowed between them.
This kind of connection is not a #$JunctionOfPaths
since there is no third distinct path joined there. In pipe
welding, these end-to-end connections are called butt welds
or circumferential pipe welds.
guid: bf11c86e-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of: #$connectedAtEnd #$different
#$JunctionOfPaths junctions
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of junctions of paths, each junction
being an arrangement of three or more distinct instances of
#$Path-Customary
such that they are all locally connected to each other by
joining at the #$JunctionOfPaths.
It includes the case of two or more paths that 'cross' at a
junction (because four path segments are thereby joined),
but not the case in which the end of one path simply joins
the end of another path, and no others. For junctions in #$PathSystems,
see #$junctionInSystem.
(Determining what constitutes a #$JunctionOfPaths
depends on the #$PathTypes
of the joined paths; if it is #$River then only a
junction of rivers qualifies, not the place where a road
joins a river.)
guid: c0fbbdc4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ObjectType
direct specialization of: #$ArrangementOfLikeObjects
direct generalization of:
#$JunctionOfPipes
#$adjacentPathsAtJunction path
adjoining a junction
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(adjacentPathsAtJunction JUNCT PATH) means that the
#$JunctionOfPaths
JUNCT has PATH as one of the paths (instances of #$Path-Generic)
joining it. A junction may connect many paths (it must
connect at least three distinct paths), and a path may pass
through many junctions, and may end at a junction. Examples:
all the streets meeting at a certain #$Intersection-Street,
the particular #$Trachea and both primary bronchi meeting at
the #$TracheobronchialJunction between a certain person's #$Lungs, and three
#$LongitudeLines intersecting at the #$SouthPole. Neither
PATH nor JUNCTION need be instances of #$PartiallyTangible,
#$TemporalThing,
or #$SpatialThing;
however if PATH is, JUNCTION must also be.
guid: bfd6e907-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$BranchingJunction branching junction
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all junctions of instances of #$Path-Customary
in which one #$Path-Customary
adjoining the junction #$branchesInto
two or more others, the latter being about equal in size to
one another and no wider than the former. Distinct from a #$SideBranchJunction
in which a small #$Path-Customary
joins the side of a large one.
guid: bed90aa4-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$JunctionOfPaths
#$branchesInto branches into
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$branchesInto
BIGPATH LITTLEPATH) means that the #$Path-Customary
BIGPATH ends by branching into two or more (usually smaller)
paths, one of which is the #$Path-Customary
LITTLEPATH. LITTLEPATH is one of the two or more branches
issuing from BIGPATH. This predicate is based on the size
and connections but not on the direction of any flowing on
the paths: A large river #$branchesInto
rivulets at a delta near the mouth, but it also #$branchesInto
its tributaries at its headwaters. Contrast this with #$sideBranches,
in which one smaller path joins a larger path somewhere
along its length. There may be a named #$BranchingJunction
where BIGPATH #$branchesInto
LITTLEPATH and other paths.
guid: c03301e5-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
#$SideBranchJunction side
branch junction
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of junctions of instances of #$Path-Customary
in which each junction is where a larger #$Path-Customary
is joined along its side by a substantially smaller #$Path-Customary
that ends there (this can be described using the predicate
#$sideBranches).
It is often a T-junction, but the smaller #$Path-Customary
may join at any angle. This does not depend on any direction
of movement or flow along the paths. In systems of named
paths, it is usual for the large #$Path-Customary
to keep the same name on both sides of the #$SideBranchJunction.
See also the contrasting #$BranchingJunction.
guid: be3ed1d3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Individual
#$sideBranches side branches
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$sideBranches
MAINPATH SIDEPATH) means that the #$Path-Customary
SIDEPATH ends where it joins the #$Path-Customary
MAINPATH somewhere along the latter's length other than at
an end. The basic nature and name of MAINPATH on either side
of the junction does not change at that point; MAINPATH and
SIDEPATH joined at a #$SideBranchJunction,
which is a #$NonintrusiveJunction.
Contrast this predicate with #$branchesInto.
guid: bf069a35-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
#$pipesDirectlyConnected pipes
directly connected
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(pipesDirectlyConnected PIPE1 PIPE2) means that
there is a #$JunctionOfPipes
connecting two #$Pipe-GenericConduits,
PIPE1 to PIPE2, (or else they are #$endToEndConnected)
allowing flow of #$FluidTangibleThings
between them.
guid: beb95113-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of: #$connectedAtContact
#$JunctionOfPipes junctions
of pipes
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all junctions of pipes or tubes.
Each junction permits flow between any two #$Pipe-GenericConduits
joined at that junction. At any #$JunctionOfPipes,
three or more distinct (non-overlapping) lengths of #$Pipe-GenericConduit
must be joined at their ends at the junction. (Some of the
so-joined pipes may loop back to the same junction.)
guid: bf53bf8d-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$JunctionOfPaths
#$pipeEndsAtCavity pipe
ends at cavity
(#$pipeEndsAtCavity
PIPE CAV) means that PIPE is an instance of #$Pipe-GenericConduit
that joins the instance of #$CavityOrContainer CAV at some
instance of #$PipeEndToCavityJunction
(q.v.), allowing flow or access between PIPE and CAV.
guid: c13547fe-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ConnectionPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$pathTerminus
#$touchesAtEnd
#$PipeEndToCavityJunction pipe
end to cavity junction
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of junctions, in each of which some
#$Pipe-GenericConduit
ends at a #$Cavity
of larger diameter than the pipe, allowing flow or access
between them. The flange where a water pipe enters a water
tank is one example, as is the junction of the esophagus and
the stomach in animals. See also the predicate #$pipeEndsAtCavity.
guid: bffab025-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$RegionType
direct specialization of:
#$Portal
#$cavityConnectedAlongPathSide cavity
connected by a portal
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(cavityConnectedAlongPathSide PATH CAVITY) means
that there is a portal somewhere along the wall of the #$Path-Generic
(which must also be #$PartiallyTangible)
PATH which leads to the #$CavityOrContainer CAVITY. It does
not apply if an end of PATH is the portal, nor to a
branching of the path, nor a small hole in an otherwise dead
end of the path. The portal is substantially smaller in
width than the path, and instead of a smaller path connected
there, the portal opens into a neighboring
#$CavityOrContainer. Example: an #$Alveolus attached to a
#$RespiratoryBronchiole in the #$Lung is so
connected. Or, a room opening along the side of a hallway.
guid: bf852702-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$ConnectionPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
Spatial Covering Relations
#$covers-Ruglike covers
- ruglike
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$covers-Ruglike
MAT OBJECT) means that MAT covers at least part of one
surface of OBJECT. MAT is #$SheetShaped,
and MAT lies with its two longer dimensions parallel to
OBJECT. See also #$coversWithConformity.
guid: bd58848f-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of: #$covers-Sheetlike
#$covers-Hairlike onto
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$covers-Hairlike
HAIR OBJECT) means that HAIR consists of a mob of things
that are embedded close together in OBJECT and cover some
portion of its surface. See also #$Mob.
guid: bd58d760-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$IrreflexiveBinaryPredicate
#$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of: #$covers-Generic
#$covers-Paintlike covers
- paintlike
(#$covers-Paintlike
COATING OBJECT) means that COATING adheres to and covers
OBJECT like a coat of paint. Since COATING adheres to
OBJECT, COATING directly touches (see the predicate #$touchesDirectly)
OBJECT. COATING may be either dry (e.g., dried paint) or
liquid (e.g., lubricant spread on a surface, like cooking
oil on a baking pan). (#$covers-Paintlike
COATING OBJECT) implies that COATING isn't more cohesive
with itself than it is with OBJECT, so (if dry) it would
tend to peel or flake off in small pieces, rather than as a whole.
guid: bd58cc20-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
direct specialization of:
#$stuckTo
#$covers-Generic
#$covers-Baglike onto
(#$covers-Baglike
WRAP OBJECT) means that the #$SheetOfSomeStuff
WRAP covers OBJECT as a continuous sheet (so that WRAP also
touches OBJECT), and is wrapped wholly around OBJECT (so
that OBJECT is totally enclosed in WRAP).
guid: bd58b489-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate #$InterExistingObjectPredicate
#$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of: #$covers-Sheetlike #$surroundsCompletely
#$coversWithConformity covers
with conformity
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$coversWithConformity
OBJ SHEET LEVEL) means that OBJ is covered by SHEET, and
that the inner surface of SHEET conforms to the surface
features of OBJ to the degree LEVEL. SHEET may cover OBJ in
either the sense of #$covers-Ruglike
or #$covers-Baglike.
For example, hosiery covers legs with a #$High degree of
conformity; sweat pants have #$Low conformity to legs. Level
of conformity could probably based on the average of the
distance between of lines going normal to the inside surface
of OBJ to SHEET. The lowness or highness of this number
would be based on comparison to representative exemplars.
E.g. in a low conformity case, e.g. the average OBJ to SHEET
distance for a pen in a grocery bag would be high relative
to the dimensions of the pen. Thus level would be #$Low. The
analogous measure for a leg inside spandex pants would be
very low compared to the dimensions of the leg. In such a
case LEVEL would be #$High.
guid: bd58aac6-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$FunctionalPredicate
#$SpatialPredicate
#$TernaryPredicate
#$covers-Skinlike covers
- skinlike
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$covers-Skinlike
SKIN OBJECT) means that SKIN forms all or part of OBJECT's
outer surface, shell, or skin. The predicate is agnostic as
to whether SKIN is a part of OBJECT.
guid: bd58d0ef-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$InterExistingObjectPredicate #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate
#$SpatialPredicate
#$CotemporalObjectsSlot
#$FunctionalSlot
direct specialization of: #$covers-Generic
Sundry Spatial Concepts
#$Horizon horizons
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The collection of all horizons, each being the
far-off region within a few degrees of the horizontal plane,
where the sky appears to join the distant landscape. The
horizon is always relative to a particular point of observation.
guid: be00ef13-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ExistingObjectType
direct specialization of: #$Place-NonAgent
#$Direction direction expression
A specialization of #$UnitVectorInterval
(q.v.). Each instance of #$Direction is a
vector representing a direction, typically between two
objects or locations. Specializations include #$GeographicalDirection,
#$TerrestrialDirection,
and #$AnatomicalDirection. Note that, since a given vector
can represent a particular direction only in relation to
some frame of reference, a frame of reference must be
(explicitly or implicitly) specified for assertions about
particular directions, either by the context (i.e. #$Microtheory)
of the assertion or by the type of #$Direction in
question (e.g. #$GeographicalDirections
are intrinsically tied to a particular terrestrial frame of reference).
guid: bd58dff3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$FirstOrderCollection
direct specialization of:
#$UnitVectorInterval
direct generalization of:
#$TerrestrialDirection
#$GeographicalDirection
#$Underground-Coll underground
- coll
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The attribute of a location or region that means
that it is below the surface of the ground of a particular place.
guid: 5a56313a-74bf-11d6-8000-00a0c99cc5ae
direct instance of:
#$Collection
direct specialization of:
#$Place
#$eventOccursNear nearby
location (actor slot) (role) (extensional
representation predicate)
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
The predicate #$eventOccursNear
relates an event to its approximate location. (#$eventOccursNear
EVENT LOC) means that EVENT occurs at or near (see #$near) LOC. #$eventOccursNear
is useful when the more exact location is unknown, hard to
specify, or not worth reifying; otherwise use #$eventOccursAt.
For example, #$eventOccursNear
could be used to CycLify Bob was cycling by the dam , We
played checkers near the TV , and He is standing by the
horse's hind legs . See the #$cyclistNotes for
ideas on how to formalize this.
guid: c0fbb7cb-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$ActorSlot
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
#$undergroundOf underground of
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$undergroundOf
OBJ GROUND) means that OBJ is beneath the surface of GROUND
and has the #$locationState #$Underground.
guid: c0f2a793-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$AsymmetricBinaryPredicate
#$groundOf ground of
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$groundOf OBJ
GROUND) means that GROUND is the stationary surface on which
OBJ is located and possibly supported.
guid: c0f2aea3-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of:
#$SpatialPredicate
#$BinaryPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$above-Touching
#$levelWith level with
**COMMENT NOT REVIEWED**
**GAFs NOT REVIEWED**
(#$levelWith OBJ1
OBJ2) means that OBJ1 and OBJ2 are roughly the same vertical
distance from some horizontal surface in the frame of reference.
guid: bd58b2c1-9c29-11b1-9dad-c379636f7270
direct instance of: #$EquivalenceRelation #$SpatialPredicate
direct specialization of:
#$temporallyIntersects
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